Entry of the needle tip within the stomach was recognized when the gastric rugae were opacified by the pooling of contrast medium. The stomach was then insufflated under fluoroscopic control with approximately 600-800 mL of room air through the 21G fine needle (Fig. 1A). After this point, the procedure was similar to what click this has been described for RPG. In addition to local anesthesia, intravenous sedation with 5 mg midazolam (Dormicum, Roche, Basel, Switzerland) and 50 mg pethidine (Demerol, Roche, Basel, Switzerland) was given to the patients. Gastropexy was performed using two T-fasteners (Cope gastrointestinal suture anchor set; Cook Incorporated, Bloomington, IN). An 18-gauge, 8 cm catheter needle was punctured directly through the gastric wall via a small incised area at the center of the skin between the two gastropexy fasteners.

A 100 cm stainless steel guide wire was inserted through the needle and gradual dilation of the tract was carried out by insertion a 14-Fr locking gastrostomy catheter (Wills-Oglesby percutaneous gastrostomy set, Mallinckrodt Institute Modification, Cook Incorporated, Bloomington, IN). Technical success was checked at the end of the procedure with 10 mL of water-soluble contrast medium injected via the pigtail catheter to ensure the gastrostomy catheter was correctly placed within the stomach (Fig. 1B-D). The T-fasteners were cut 14 days after the catheter insertion. Fig. 1 Modified radiology-guided percutaneous gastrostomy technique. RESULTS Successful insertion of gastrostomy was achieved in all the patients without any procedural complications.

An oral diet was successfully started after 24 hours for all the patients. No complications were attributed to the procedure on the 14-, 30- and 60-day follow up. DISCUSSION Radiologic percutaneous gastrostomy has been performed since the early 1980s (10-12). Although PEG is a currently acceptable method to construct an enteral access, RPG offers both the highest technical success rate and the lowest cost (13). However, both techniques are not feasible in cancer patients who have high grade narrowing of the oropharynx and/or upper esophagus and for whom endoscopic access or placement of catheter was not possible. In the conventional fluoroscopy-guided RPG, the stomach is directly distended with air by a nasogastric catheter or using the snare method as described by Rosenzweig et al.

(14). In our series, gastric insufflation was achieved via a percutaneously placed catheter. To ensure the safety of the puncture, important adjacent structures were outlined using ultrasound (for the outline of liver) and an air enema (for the outline of the transverse colon). This was our initial experience, and this technique was only applied to patients who had complete upper digestive tract obstruction, loss of nasogastric Batimastat access and no previous gastric surgery.

Each patient underwent a standard clinical assessment and a questionnaire was completed. The CD4 cell count was assessed and up to three stool samples were collected and analyzed. Data collection Baseline characteristics regarding relevant demographics, place of residence and living conditions selleck chemicals (province of Laos, urban/rural housing, access to drinking water and in-house toilets, animal contact), clinical features (fever, weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and pulmonary, neurological and mucocutaneous symptoms) were collected at inclusion by the physician using a standardized questionnaire. According to World Health Organization definitions, diarrhea was defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day [12].

It was considered acute when it lasted less than two weeks and persistent when it lasted 14 days or longer [12]. The immunological status of the patients related to HIV disease was assessed using the 2007 – revised World Health Organization HIV clinical staging and disease classification system [13]. Laboratory examination Serological diagnosis of HIV infection was made using two rapid screening tests: Determine HIV 1/2 (Inverness Medical, Tokyo, Japan) and Uni-Gold HIV (Trinity Biotech, Bray, Ireland). In the case of discordant results, the diagnosis was confirmed by the ELISA test Vironostika HIV Uniform II plus O (BioM��rieux, Marcy-l��Etoile, France). HIV viral load testing was not prescribed to patients with a newly diagnosed HIV infection because of limited availability of the technique.

The CD4 lymphocyte count was determined by flow cytometry (Cyflow SL and Cyflow Counter, Partec GmbH, Munster, Germany). Laboratory investigations for opportunistic infections were limited to direct diagnosis of mycobacterial infections and cryptococcosis using Ziehl-Neelsen stain on sputum samples and India ink test or antigen detection in cerebrospinal fluid samples, respectively. Stool sample analysis All patients were asked to provide three stool samples from three consecutive days. Each fresh stool specimen was processed as follows: the technicians of the hospital laboratories performed direct microscopic examination and examination of a Kato thick smear [5]. The sample was then preserved in 10% formalin and forwarded to the parasitological department of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Heath Sciences (Vientiane, Laos).

Batimastat The formalin-preserved samples were subjected to two techniques: formalin-ethyl concentration technique for protozoa and helminths diagnosis [14] and modified acid-fast staining for coccidia diagnosis (Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cytoisospora belli, Sarcocystis hominis) [15]. The diagnoses were made with the assistance of parasitologists from the University of Lyon (France). Two smears from formalin-preserved samples were also prepared for microsporidia diagnosis.

Materials and Methods Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Culture, Establishment and Treatment of EBs Murine C57BL/6x129SvEv-derived else (passage 3�C12) embryonic stem cells (kindly provided by N. Gale, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, N.Y., USA) were cultured on mitotically inactivated primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (passage 2�C5; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Switzerland) in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (Gibco, Eggenstein, Germany), supplemented with 18% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), 100 nM sodium pyruvate (Sigma, Buchs, Switzerland), MEM vitamins, 2 mM L-glutamine, streptomycin and penicillin (all from Gibco), 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 2,000 U/ml recombinant leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF; Chemicon International, Temecula, Calif., USA).

Primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts and LIF were removed and murine embryonic stem cells were transferred to suspension culture for EB formation as described [29]. After 3 or 4 days, EBs of the same size (approximately 500 ��m in diameter) were transferred into 12-well dishes (1 EB per well; BD Bioscience, San Diego, Calif., USA) and cultured for 14 days without LIF. Then, EBs were incubated with or without the following factors for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14 days: 20 ng/ml recombinant human VEGF-A (VEGF-A 165; kindly provided by the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md., USA); 200 ng/ml recombinant human VEGF-C (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.

, USA); 20 ng/ml human fibroblast growth factor-2 (kindly provided by the National Cancer Institute); 1 mg/ml hyaluronic acid sodium salt from human umbilical cord (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland); 100 ng/ml recombinant human IGF-1 (R&D Systems); 25 ng/ml recombinant human IL-3 (Chemicon International); 30 ng/ml human hepatocyte growth factor (R&D Systems); 20 ng/ml human platelet growth factor (R&D Systems); 50 ng/ml human growth hormone (R&D Systems); 20 ng/ml recombinant human IL-7 (Chemicon International); 100 ��M S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (Sigma); 10 mM human endothelin-3 (R&D Systems); 1, 2.5, 5, 10 or 100 ��M all-trans-RA (Sigma); 10 ��M 4-[E-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl]benzoic acid (Sigma); 1 or 10 ��M 13-cis-RA (Sigma); 0.5 mM N-6,2��-O-dibutyryl-adenosine 3��,5��-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP; Fluka); 10 ��M Ro 41-5253 (BioMol International, Plymouth Meeting, Pa.

, USA); 10 ��M N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline sulfonamide, Di-HCl salt (H89; Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif., USA). EBs were fixed in ?20��C cold 100% methanol or in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4��C for 10 min. Endothelial Cell Culture, Real-Time RT-PCR, FACS and Immunostains Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), obtained from ScienceCell Research Labs (San Diego, Calif., USA) were seeded into fibronectin-coated culture dishes (10 ��g/ml; BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass., USA) and were cultured in endothelial cell basal medium Carfilzomib (Cambrex Bio Science, Walkersville, Md.

33, 34, 35 The findings that 3905insT mRNA was insensitive to NMD despite harboring a PTC, led us to the assumption that this mRNA would Lenalidomide IC50 cause the formation of a truncated protein. To assess the fate of this truncated protein in the cell, we performed immunocytochemical analysis in nasal epithelial cells collected from the patients. In contrast to wt and F508del/F508del cells, in which the CFTR protein could be detected at the apical membrane (Figure 3a), apical CFTR staining was significantly reduced in nasal epithelial cells derived from F508del/3905insT compound-heterozygous patients (Figure 3c; Table 1). These immunocytochemical results confirmed earlier findings showing that a reduced number of cells from F508del homozygous patients have apically localized CFTR (Figure 3b).

21, 36, 37 Recent studies indicated that the CFTR C-terminus is not required for the biosynthesis and plasma membrane targeting of CFTR, but indispensable for maintaining the stability of the protein.38 Benharouga et al.39 could also show that an ERAD-similar mechanism involving the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway may be responsible for the faster turnover and the short residence time at the apical membrane of truncated CFTR. This faster recycling rate of truncated proteins may provide an explanation for the reduced amount of 3905insT CFTR at the apical membrane. However, it has to be noted that the above-mentioned studies investigated protein truncations shorter than 98 amino acids. Owing to the expected large truncation of 216 residues in the 3905insT CFTR, we assume that it is very likely that degradation occurs through the conventional ERAD pathway.

Another hypothesis for the complete lack of CFTR at the apical membrane would be that there is an interaction between the F508del and the 3905insT protein somehow hindering each other to reach the plasma membrane. In conclusion, the reduced presence of CFTR protein at the apical membrane may provide a possible explanation for the more severe phenotype observed in 3905insT/F508del compound-heterozygous patients versus F508del homozygous patients, in which at least some CFTR can escape the ER, reach the apical membrane, and function as a chloride channel. However, further experiments need to be performed to see whether the truncated 3905insT protein is degraded before reaching the apical membrane, whether it is quickly recycled after reaching the membrane, or whether there is an interaction between the 3905insT and the F508del CFTR protein interfering with the transport to the apical membrane.

Acknowledgments We are indebted to the patients and clinicians involved for their cooperation and collaboration and thank Andr�� Eble for EBV transformation of the lymphocytes. This work was funded by grants from the Swiss National Foundation (3200-066767.01 to SG, 310000-112652 Brefeldin_A to SG).

Patupilone is more soluble than taxanes and several times more potent in vitro. Most importantly, it is not a substrate for P-glycoprotein and other efflux selleck screening library pumps, and therefore retains activity against cells with a multidrug-resistant phenotype both in vitro and in vivo (O’Reilly et al, 2008). Supporting these preclinical concepts, patupilone has demonstrated activity in taxane-resistant patients (Hussain et al, 2009), and the drug is considered to be non-cross-resistant to common cytotoxic agents. Patupilone has a unique toxicity profile with little or no haematological toxicity and limited neurotoxicity, but significant gastrointestinal toxicity, primarily diarrhoea.

Prior clinical trials in patients with advanced CRC using a weekly schedule of patupilone showed modest efficacy, perhaps because the incidence of diarrhoea limited escalation of the dose intensity to a potentially therapeutic level (Poplin et al, 2003). We hypothesised that diarrhoea could be a greater problem in patients with previously treated mCRC because of prior chemotherapy or pelvic radiation, bowel resections or nutritional deficits. Consequently, it was proposed that proactive diarrhoea management guidelines that stress the importance of early detection and active symptom control could improve tolerability, increase dose intensity and improve efficacy (Wadler et al, 1998; Kornblau et al, 2000; Benson et al, 2004), as has been shown for irinotecan (Abigerges et al, 1994). Moreover, some data indicate that the use of glutamine and other nutritional supplements may help recovery of bowel mucosa (Gibson, 1998; Belluzzi et al, 2000; Bjorck et al, 2000; Daniele et al, 2001; Juntunen et al, 2001).

It was also hypothesised that prolonged infusion schedules of patupilone could be more effective or better tolerated as has been demonstrated for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and irinotecan (Meta-analysis Group in Cancer, 1998; Takimoto et al, 2000). The present phase I study was designed to evaluate the tolerability and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a 20-min, 24-h and 5-day infusion of patupilone every 3 weeks, together with prophylactic nutritional supplementation and active diarrhoea management in patients with pretreated mCRC.

Materials and methods Patient eligibility Patients had histologically confirmed, inoperable locally advanced or metastatic colon Drug_discovery cancer progressing after a minimum of one line of therapy with at least one measurable lesion, age 18 years, life expectancy 12 weeks, World Health Organization performance status of 0�C1 and no impairment of hepatic or renal function. Initially, the trial was designed to study patupilone as a second-line treatment. Because of significant advances in the second-line therapy of mCRC that resulted in the evolution of standard of care during the conduct of the trial, the protocol was later amended to allow the inclusion of patients with up to four prior lines of chemotherapy.

Serial dilutions of a plasmid containing a monomeric HBV insert selleck Ixazomib (Alfa Wasserman, Milan, Italy) were used as quantification standards. To perform quantification of cccDNA, aliquots of liver DNA extracts were treated for 1 h at 37��C with 10 U of plasmid-safe DNase (Epicentre, Madison, WI). Real-time PCR experiments were then performed using a 75-��l reaction volume containing 20 ng of DNA, 3 mM MgCl2, 0.5 ��M (each) forward and reverse primers, 0.2 ��M 3��-FL-labeled probe, and 0.4 ��M 5��-R640-labeled probe. Amplification was performed under the following conditions: 95��C for 10 min and then 60 cycles of 95��C for 30 s, 58��C for 10 s, 63��C for 30 s, and 72��C for 20 s.

The efficacy of DNase treatment in the elimination of open circular and single-stranded forms of HBV DNA prior to PCR was confirmed by abrogation of the PCR amplification of HBV DNA extracted from serum viral particles by use of nonselective HBV-specific oligonucleotide primers targeting the HBs open reading frame. To normalize the number of viral genomes present in each liver sample, the number of haploid genomes was evaluated by using a ��-globin gene kit (Roche DNA control kit; Roche Diagnostics). To evaluate intrahepatic concentrations of relaxed circular replicative DNA (rcDNA), cccDNA amounts were subtracted from total intracellular HBV DNA values. Molecular analyses of HDV RNA from serum samples. HDV RNA was extracted from 200 ��l of serum by use of TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Paisley, Scotland) as recommended by the manufacturer and then was dissolved in 50 ��l diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated water.

Five microliters of extracted RNA was used as a template for first-strand cDNA synthesis by use of a Super Script reverse transcriptase kit (Invitrogen) and oligo(dT) primers. HDV genotype determination was performed through reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) amplification and sequencing analysis of the R0 region of the HDV genome, which covers the 3�� end of the HD gene (nucleotides 885 to 1285 [numbering according to reference 33]), as previously described by Radjef et al. (17). Primers and probes for HDV real-time PCR assays were designed by taking into account the genetic variability of HDV.

The sequences and nucleotide positions of the primers and probes were as follows: DELTAF, 5��-AAGGGGGACTCCGGGACTC-3�� (nt 1063 to 1081); DELTAR, 5��-CCTCAGCAAGGAGGAAGAAGA-3�� (nt 1236 to 1216); DELTA/FL (FRET hybridization probe), 5��-CAGACTGGGGACGAAGCCGCCCC-FL-3�� Brefeldin_A (nt 1086 to 1108); and DELTA/LC (FRET hybridization probe), 5��-LC-R640-CGCTCCCCTCGATCCACCTTCGAGG-PH-3�� (nt 1113 to 1137). Real-time PCR by use of the ��utility channel�� of a Cobas TaqMan 48 instrument was performed under the following conditions: 95��C for 10 min and then 60 cycles of 95��C for 30 s, 57��C for 20 s, and 72��C for 20 s. The plasmid pCRII-delta-R0, containing one copy of the R0 region of the HDV genome (nt 853 to 1308), was used as a standard for HDV cDNA quantification.

The reason is perhaps that the Chinese believe in moral conscience, check details ethical principles, and human nature rather than institutionalized law in governing their behavior and maintaining justice and social order. On the other hand, the values, rules, and rights that are relative to Chinese society are plenty and rigid mainly because of its long history of tradition and affective collectivistic perspective.(2) Law-Making Perspective ��People at this stage, however, do not blindly maintain the law and social order in all cases. If the law fails to protect a person or a country’s basic rights, they would no longer stick to the above social contract and they would urge to make a new law to replace the old one.

In some cases, Chinese people at this stage would challenge the authority or the majority with a self-sacrificing altruistic attitude towards those being exploited or the victims in order to maintain justice. They are what we call the ��conscientious objectors.�� That the Chinese institution and legal system is less rigorous and democratic and that the practice of law depends very much on the subjective and sometimes arbitrary interpretation of the authority and leader would mean that there is no easy way to change a law in a Chinese society.(3) Conflict between Majority and Individual ��In general, if there is conflict between (a) the majority’s basic rights and an individual’s basic rights or (b) the majority’s relative rights and an individual’s relative rights, then what is right is to sacrifice the individual for the majority or to protect the majority’s rights because the majority is composed of a large number of people while the individual is only a single person.

The reason is based on an affective self-sacrificing altruistic orientation towards the majority. That is, ��the small-I should be sacrificed to support the big-I�� (a Chinese proverb). ��Small-I�� refers to an individual and ��big-I�� refers to the country or the majority of a group. Everyone in a similar position is supposed to do the same. However, if the conflict is between the majority’s relative rights and an individual’s basic rights, then the individual must be protected regardless of the majority’s opinion. If necessary, a new law has to be made to protect the individual with a socially recognized or institutionalized basis. Similarly, if the conflict is Carfilzomib between the majority’s basic rights and an individual’s relative rights, then the majority must be protected because the basic rights precede the relative rights.(4) Social Contract ��The general will, needs, interests, and opinions of the majority of people in a society are either codified into laws or formulated in the form of social norms or proprieties.

This results in a restricted ability of self-healing in these tissues [1]. The demand for chondrocyte grafting has increased in recent years, but there are limitations as it cannot selleck products be used for vast cartilage injuries. Access to other cellular resources for the production of cartilage tissues and grafting is thus crucial in the treatment of cartilage injuries [2]. Stem cells can be an alternative resource for the purpose of cartilage injury healing. The main focus for regenerative research is to explore the potential resource for cellular therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells can be found in the bone marrow [3], muscle tissues [4], cartilages [5], tendons [6], umbilical cord [7], and umbilical cord blood [8]. Among stem cells with mesenchymal origin, those from the bone marrow have received more attention [9].

A bone marrow stromal cell is a type of mesenchymal stem cell found in the bone marrow. They are able to give rise to bones and cartilages [10]. One point that should be noted in the definition of these cells is that their attachment to the bottom of culture dishes could be used as a way of recognizing them [11]. Cells which attach to the bottom of culture dishes are heterogenic, consisting of progenitor and stem cells [12] and their fate changes depending on the differentiation environment. For example, ascorbic acid, nonorganic phosphates and dexamethasone can influence the differentiation of these cells into osteoblasts [13], while transforming growth factor B can impose chondrogenic markers in these cells [14].

Teeth are rich, unique and accessible sources of mesenchymal stem cells that are suitable for applied research and tissue engineering applications [15]. Following ectomesenchymal interactions (confrontation) occurring between the dental ridges and its underlying mesenchyme, dental layers are formed. Dental layers are further differentiated into dental organs; dental papilla and dental follicles. Finally, major dental structures and periodontal tissues are developed. Meanwhile, dental pulp is formed from mesenchymal neural crests with multipotent abilities [16]. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chondrogenic capacity of mouse dental pulp cells and identify DPSC differentiation into chondrocytes through morphological, molecular, and biochemical analyses. 2. Materials and Methods2.1. Isolation of DPSCIn this experimental study, teeth were obtained from mouse aged 6�C8 weeks. Surfaces of teeth were cleaned with phosphate-buffered AV-951 saline (PBS) and kept in sterile PBS solution containing 1% (v/v) penicillin-streptomycin at 4��C.

The contribution of the animal reservoir to Sunitinib the burden of antimicrobial resistance in humans has not been quantified; however, the use of antimicrobial agents regarded as critically or highly important for use in humans should be avoided or minimized in food animals [16].Considering the high use of colistin in animal production and the importance of this antimicrobial for the control of multiresistant Gramnegative nosocomial infections in humans, more intensive studies must be conducted to monitor the resistance in animal isolates and resistance mechanisms involved.AcknowledgmentsThis study was sponsored by FAPESP (process: 2009/14906-6 and 2009/14939-1) and CAPES.
The education system in Hong Kong is undergoing a huge reform.

Beginning from 2012/13 academic year, university education in Hong Kong will be changed from a three-year curriculum to a four-year curriculum. How should we nurture university students under the new curriculum? While universities in Hong Kong, normally claim to promote ��holistic development�� in university students, this is rarely reflected in the credit-bearing courses, where intellectual abilities alone are usually emphasized [1]. Against this background, a course entitled ��Tomorrow’s Leaders�� was developed at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University [2]. The course was piloted in 2010/11 school year, and different evaluation mechanisms were used to evaluate the course, including objective outcome evaluation, subjective outcome evaluation, process evaluation, and qualitative evaluation, based on reflective notes of the students.

With the generous support and donation of the Wofoo Foundation, scholarships were awarded to five outstanding students in this course. It is argued that by focusing on these ��extreme�� cases, we can get an additional perspective on the implementation and outcomes of the course. Therefore, these five students were invited to write a personal reflection Carfilzomib about the course. After obtaining the consent of the students to disclose their names and with minor language editing, sharing of the five students is included in this paper. Consistent with the spirit of ��thick description�� in qualitative research, sharing by these five students is included in this paper. The qualitative data were analyzed based on the case study approach. Yin [3] pointed out that a case study ��investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident�� (page 13). There are also findings showing that the case study approach is a flexible strategy to understand the reality using different types of data [4, 5].

��100%??(1)dy?[23]:Frequency??of??2n??pollen??grains=2��dy+tri2��dy+3��tri+4��tet, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Imatinib-Mesylate.html = total number of dyads observed; tri = total number of triads observed; tet = total number of tetrads observed.2.4. PhotomicrographsPhotomicrographs from the freshly prepared desirable slides having clear chromosome counts, dyads, triads, tetrads, and pollen grains were taken with a digital imaging system of Leica QWin. 3. ResultsMeiosis in one of the accession collected from Bharmour, 2,300m was totally normal with the presence of 14 bivalents at diakinesis (Figure 2(a)) and regular 14:14 segregation of chromosomes at opposite poles (Figures 2(a) and 2(c)) leading to normal tetrads with four n microspores (Figure 2(d)) and consequently n pollen grains (21.98�C26.35��m �� 20.82�C24.01��m, Figure 2(e)) and 100% pollen fertility.

However, the second accession also collected from Bharmour, 2,300m showed highly abnormal meiosis characterized by the erratic behaviour of chromosomes at different stages of meiosis I and II.Figure 2(a�Ce) Meiocytes with normal meiotic behaviour in R. laetus. (a) A PMC with 14 bivalents at diakinesis. (b) A PMC showing 14:14 chromosomes distributions at A-I. (c) A PMC showing two poles at A-I. (d) A tetrad with four n (reduced) …3.1. Chromosomal Behaviour during Meiosis IAnalysis of PMCs at M-I of meiosis I revealed that all the PMCs showed the presence of 28 chromosomes as univalents which either remained randomly dispersed in the cytoplasm or shifted towards the periphery or in the centre or in 2�C5 groups in the PMCs (Figures 3(a)�C3(c)).

Furthermore, the movements of chromosomes at A-I is very irregular, and in most of the PMCs they lagged behind (57.83%, Figure 3(d)). In the majority of the cases these lagging chromosomes did not get included into the telophase nuclei and formed micronuclei at T-I (Figure 3(e)). In some of the PMCs, segregation of chromosomes at A-I was irregular and the most common distribution was observed to be 11:17 (Figure 3(f)). In many PMCs it was also noticed that chromosome failed to move towards the A-I poles and remained in the centre of the PMC to form restitution nuclei (Figures 3(g) and 3(h)). Even some of the PMCs showed thick chromatin bridges at anaphases and telophases which did not allow the separation of chromatin material and thus formed restitution nuclei (Figure 3(i)).Figure 3(a�Ci) Meiocytes with erratic male meiosis at first meiotic division in R. laetus. (a) A PMC with 28 randomly dispersed univalent chromosomes at M-I. (b) 28 univalent chromosomes positioned towards the periphery AV-951 of PMC at M-I. (c) In one of the …3.2.