Conclusion: This review should inform, and not distract from, recommendations

to reduce the risk of HCV transmission. Health care providers need to pay special attention to sexual transmission of HCV among HIV-infected individuals. HEPATOLOGY 2010 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a blood-borne Alpelisib cost infection transmitted mainly through injection drug use (IDU), blood transfusions, organ transplantations, accidental needle sticks, 1, 2 and other parenteral exposures, including inappropriate use or reuse of needles and syringes in health care settings. 3, 4 Sexual transmission is a controversial mode of HCV transmission that has received considerable attention among health care providers and the lay public. For example, in 2009, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Viral Hepatitis received over 2,600 telephone and email inquiries about hepatitis C. When looking at available data that capture responses to inquiries, transmission modes of hepatitis C and the sexual transmission of hepatitis C infection were among the top used responses Galunisertib (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, unpublished reports). The possibility of sexual transmission of HCV infection is supported by the isolation

of HCV RNA from semen and cervical smears in some studies 5-7 but not others. 8, 9 Furthermore, although the sexual transmission of the same hepatitis C virus strain, as determined by molecular analysis, has been documented in some case reports and case series, 10-20 the magnitude of the risk http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/AP24534.html varies depending on the quality of the study design, the likelihood of unmeasured parenteral routes of transmission, and the level

of risk behavior of the study participants. Given the conflicting evidence and the ongoing inquiries, we conducted a review of the literature to summarize the best available data on the risk of HCV transmission through sexual activity. aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IDU, injection drug use; MSM, men who have sex with men; STI, sexually transmitted infection. Studies addressing the sexual transmission of hepatitis C were identified through a comprehensive literature search on PubMed of English-language articles published between 1995 and 2009. We excluded studies published prior to 1995 because hepatitis C case ascertainment depended on laboratory tests that were not as accurate as currently available ones. Search terms such as hepatitis C, HCV, sexual transmission, and men who have sex with men were used to identify potentially relevant papers. Cited references in relevant articles were also carefully assessed for inclusion. Each article was evaluated based on the strength of the study design, representativeness of the study population, adjustment or control of potentially confounding HCV risk factors (such as IDU), and mode of ascertaining hepatitis C infection.

Thirty-seven patients received a total of 112 FEIBA treatment courses, 90 for acute bleeding and 22 for surgical haemostasis. The median FEIBA dose per

infusion for acute bleeding was 50 IU kg−1, and for surgery was 100 IU kg−1. For both acute joint and muscle/soft tissue bleeding and in surgery, haemostasis was attained in a median of two FEIBA infusions. FEIBA was judged effective in 92% of treatment courses for acute bleeding, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 85–97%. Rates of haemostatic efficacy did not differ significantly between anatomical sites of acute bleeding. The haemostatic efficacy rate of FEIBA in surgery was 86% (CI, 65–97%). No thromboembolic complications or other adverse selleck events occurred during any treatment course. FEIBA has been successfully integrated into clinical practice in Turkey, with rates of haemostatic efficacy comparable Venetoclax cost to those reported in countries with a longer history of FEIBA usage. “
“Due to an increased life expectancy, besides hemophilia-related comorbidity (e.g. arthropathy, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus infection) nonhemophilia-related medical problems are seen increasingly in hemophilia patients. Treatment recommendations and psychosocial consequences in aging hemophilia patients are discussed. While hypertension is reported to occur more often in hemophilia patients than in the general

population, mortality from cardiovascular disease is lower, although the incidence is increasing. Despite having a higher risk profile, the incidence of myocardial infarction is also lower, especially in severe hemophilia. General indications for Farnesyltransferase cardiac intervention can be applied to hemophilia patients. Treatment of ischemic heart disease using adequate clotting factor concentrate (CFC) correction in combination with an adapted anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapeutical schedule should be tailored to the individual patient, depending on the clinical situation. Recommendations are given on dealing with tooth extraction, surgical intervention,

and sexuality problems in patients with hemophilia. In addition to hemophilia in itself, comorbidity has a major psychological impact, and important effects on sexuality and quality of life. It can also result in complex treatment regimens, in which coordination among healthcare workers is essential. “
“Summary.  The most common bleeding in haemophilic patients is in joints, and joint disability is the most common complications in these patients receiving inadequate treatment. Limited by economy and inadequate treatment, developing countries face huge challenge to reduce disability and improve quality of life (QoL) of haemophilic children. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low dose secondary prophylaxis in China.

Implant-supported dentures are a viable option when patients cannot use conventional dentures due to adverse effects of radiation therapy, including oral dryness or fragile mucosa, in addition to compromised anatomy; however, negative effects of radiation, including osteoradionecrosis, are well documented in the literature, and early loss of implants in irradiated bone has been reported. There is currently no consensus concerning DI safety or clinical guidelines for their use in irradiated head and neck cancer patients. It is important for health

care professionals to be aware of the multidimensional risk factors for these ALK inhibitor patients when planning oral rehabilitation with DIs, and to provide optimal treatment options and maximize the overall treatment outcome. This paper reviews and updates the impact of radiotherapy on DI survival and discusses clinical considerations for DI therapy in irradiated head and neck cancer patients. “
“The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the stress distribution in the cortical and trabecular bone between the internal hexagon and the Morse taper systems, both with straight abutments. Two implant systems (Morse taper and internal hexagon connections) were simulated in maxillary bone. Loads of 100 N

(axial) and 50 N (oblique) in relation to the implant axes were applied. The 3D finite element method was used to simulate and analyze selleck chemical the present study.

The analyzed parameters were ultimate tensile strength and Von Mises stress. Both systems presented stresses below the bone tissue physiological limit as well as a similar distribution in quantitative values, with a higher concentration of tension in the cortical surface near the neck of the implant in the two conditions of applied loads, with higher values for the internal hexagon system. When the groups were evaluated individually, the internal hexagon system showed higher compressive stresses, while in the Morse taper system, the highest values were traction. There was a difference in the stress location on the prosthetic components of the systems studied; however, it did not influence trabecular bone stress generation. “
“To better manage dental treatment outcome, Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK a previsualization of desired appearances can be used to understand patients’ wishes. A deeper comprehension of labial modifications related to hard-tissue movements is advantageous. The purpose of the study was to evaluate tooth restoration-induced labial displacements in three dimensions. In a group of 20 healthy Caucasian individuals, simulations of vestibular translations of maxillary anterior crowns were obtained by placing an acrylic resin veneer on the labial surfaces of maxillary incisors and canines. Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric acquisitions were made to evaluate soft-tissue changes induced by the simulations.

Nelson encouraged his colleagues to entire this brave new world and tackle long-standing difficult problems in liver biology and disease. Nelson was a leader in academic pathology, a field in which he served as author, spokesman, and innovator. He was President of the American Society of Investigative Pathology (ASIP), and from 1992 to 2001 he served as Editor-in-Chief of The American CP-690550 price Journal of Pathology. In 2010, in recognition of his seminal contributions and as “an individual who represents the highest ideals in pathology and medicine,” he received the Gold-Headed Cane award from the ASIP, the highest honor offered by that organization. Many international awards followed. Among his

most cherished was the Spinoza Chair (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000), the Distinguished Scientist Award from the American Liver Foundation (2004), the Distinguished Achievement Award from the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (2009), the Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho Medal

from the University of São Paulo (2009), and the Distinguished Service Award from the Association of Pathology Chairs (2012). Nelson’s influence in pathology and, in particular, liver pathobiology was profound and global. He co-edited the books Robbins and Kumar: The Pathologic Basis of Disease and The Liver: Biology selleck chemicals and Pathobiology. Through editorials, reviews, books, lectures, and over 250 peer-reviewed articles, he disseminated his knowledge to an unlimited number of researchers. He influenced several generations of physicians and scientists, including 31 postdoctoral fellows who began their academic careers in his laboratory, 22 graduate students who received their Ph.D. under his mentorship, and innumerable colleagues worldwide who benefitted from his knowledge and willingness PTK6 to share. Extensive travel to lecture at scientific meetings and educational events

provided a format for exchange of ideas with all who were interested. Because of his patient style, frequent traveling, and willingness to learn about all aspects of life, conversations with Nelson were memorable and ranged widely to include science, politics, art, and culture. An avid reader in a wide range of topics, Nelson enjoyed discussing and sharing books that excited his intellect. In addition to mentorship, writing, and teaching, Nelson shared his knowledge and experience in other venues, which also reflected his sense of responsibility to the scientific community. For many years, he served on Study Sections and Advisory Councils for the National Institutes of Health, national and international committees that embraced a range of activities, and as an effective reviewer and editor of professional journals, including HEPATOLOGY. A scholar of many languages and cultures, Nelson bridged these disciplines and lived by the principles he learned from life.

05. Administration of a 2.5 mg/kg intravenous bolus of hCRP maintained serum hCRP Selleckchem PD332991 concentration at a stable level throughout the 3-hour time course

of the clamp procedure (Supporting Information Fig. S1). In contrast to vehicle-treated rats in which hCRP was undetectable, hCRP-treated rats had a mean hCRP serum level of 40.2 mg/L at 5 minutes and the level declined slightly to a mean of 33.7 mg/L at 3 hours postadministration. By design, blood glucose levels were maintained at basal levels during clamps and there was no difference in glucose concentration between hCRP- and vehicle-treated rats (Fig. 1A). The glucose infusion rate (GIR) required to maintain euglycemia was significantly lower during the last 30 minutes of clamps in hCRP-treated rats compared with vehicle (P < 0.01, Fig. 1B), demonstrating hCRP-induced insulin resistance. During the last 30 minutes of clamps, EGP was suppressed by insulin to a much lesser extent in hCRP-treated rats than in vehicle-treated rats (suppression of EGP as a percentage of basal: 45.6 ± 6.6% versus 88.4 ± 7.6%, respectively, P < 0.01, Fig. 1C), whereas Rd, which reflects whole-body glucose uptake, was similar between groups (Fig. 1D). Therefore, hCRP-induced insulin resistance was accounted for entirely by hepatic insulin resistance. Such effects were not due to the presence of other components in the hCRP preparations because human

serum albumin, administered exactly the same way as hCRP, did not affect these measurements during clamps (Supporting Information Fig. S2). Plasma insulin increased, whereas free fatty acid (FFA) and glucagon decreased to a similar extent during clamps in hCRP- and vehicle-treated rats (Supporting Information Table S1), indicating that the effect of

hCRP on insulin sensitivity was not mediated indirectly by any of these factors. Total protein levels of IRS-1 were similar between groups. However, hCRP markedly reduced insulin-stimulated IRS-1 pY (P < 0.05) and IRS-1/PI3K association (P < 0.05) (Fig. 2A). hCRP exerted similar effect on IRS-2 pY (P < 0.01) and IRS-2/PI3K association (P < 0.01) (Fig. 2B). Total Akt did not differ between Protirelin groups but basal Ser473 phosphorylation was elevated (P < 0.01) and insulin-stimulated Ser473 phosphorylation was decreased (P < 0.05) in hCRP-treated rats. hCRP did not affect either basal or insulin-stimulated Akt Thr308 phosphorylation (Fig. 2C). Compared with vehicle, hCRP-treated rats displayed a significant increase in IRS-1 Ser612 phosphorylation (P < 0.05) and a nonsignificant increase trend in Ser307 phosphorylation (Fig. 3A). hCRP stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (P < 0.05) and p38 MAPK (P < 0.01) (Fig. 3B,C) but not JNK (Supporting Information Fig. S3) in the liver. We quantified plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin before and after hCRP treatment. None of these cytokines were affected by hCRP (Supporting Information Table S2).

In terms of etiology, 21 patients (27.3%) took NSAIDs or antiplatelet agents.

H. pylori infection was detected in 13 patients (16.9%). 45 patients (58.4%) had an idiopathic etiology. Ulcers were predominantly located at duodenal bulb (59.7%) or D1/D2 junction (28.6%), with either Forrest class Ib (33.8%) or IIa (42.9%) morphology. Although all patients were treated endoscopically, 9 patients required salvage therapy; angio-embolisation (6) or surgery (3). Surveillance was performed at a mean duration of 54.6 days (range 28–125). At surveillance, 68 (88.3%) had complete healing of duodenal ulcers. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was associated with persistence of ulcer at surveillance [Odds Ratio (OR) 5.6, 95% CI 1.2–24.6; p = 0.02]. DM patients had a mean HbA1C of 7.2%. When compared with Chinese race, Malay race had higher risk of persistent ulcer [OR 9.9, 95% CI 1.9–52.3; p = 0.007]. BMN 673 Following multivariate logistic regression, Malay race was the only statistically significant predictor of persistent ulcer [OR 6.9,

95%CI 1.2–39.5; XL184 in vivo p = 0.03]. Post-surveillance, 9 patients with persistent ulcer were given a longer course of PPI therapy (5) or changed to a more potent PPI (4). Conclusion: Following therapy, bleeding duodenal ulcers may have delayed healing, especially in the Malay patient with DM. Further larger prospective studies may establish the role of surveillance endoscopy in this group of patients. Key Word(s): 1. duodenal ulcer; 2. bleeding ulcer; 3. therapeutic endoscopy; 4. surveillance see more Presenting Author: HYEWON LEE Additional Authors: EUN JUNG JEON, WOO CHUL CHUNG, CHANG NYOL PAIK, KANG MOON LEE Corresponding Author: HYEWON LEE Affiliations: St. Paul’s Hospital, St. Vincent’s Hospital, St. Vincent’s Hospital, St. Vincent’s Hospital Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and severity of peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB) according

to the etiology – Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and drug (aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug). Methods: A consecutive series of patients who had PUB and admitted to the hospital between 2006 and 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 232 patients were enrolled in this study, and we compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes according to the different etiologies (H. pylori, drug, H. pylori with drug and idiopathic). We also evaluated the severity using Blatchford score and Rockall score between four groups. Results: When H. pylori associated PUB compared with drug induced PUB, it was male dominant. In drug induced PUB, the longer duration of admission and larger ulcer were observed. Also, Blatchford score and Rockall score were the higher than H. pylori associated PUB. When idiopathic PUB compared with H. pylori associated PUB, the larger ulcer and more frequent rate of re-bleeding were observed. When idiopathic PUB compared with drug induced PUB, it was distinct of male predominance. Re-admission rate and re-bleeding rate after initial hemostasis were higher in idiopathic PUB.

24, 27, 28 In addition, BIM was also required for tumor cell apoptosis induced by a vascular endothelial growth factor A antagonist.29 Roles for BIM and PUMA in suppressing oncogenesis have been described for B cell leukemias30 and intestinal cells,31, 32 respectively. In those cases, BIM and PUMA exerted a strong apoptotic effect, and their loss led to enhanced

tumorigenesis. Although STAT5 directly controls the expression of p15INK4B,25 PUMA, and BIM (Fig. 8), it can also exert its function through activating another direct downstream Proteasome inhibitor target gene Nox4, which encodes NOX4, a key regulator of ROS.18, 20 We further provide evidence for a direct link between NOX4 and PUMA and BIM. Inhibiting NOX4 activity led to decreased expression of PUMA and BIM and p15INK4B. The mechanism of this regulatory venue is still elusive. A picture is evolving that distinct

signaling pathways emerging from STAT5 contribute to the protection of hepatocytes (Fig. 8). Hyperactive GH signaling imposed by a GH transgene promoted inflammatory liver cancer in mice, and loss of STAT5 in these mice resulted in accelerated HCC.33 This study linked STAT5 to hepatoprotective genes and the aberrant activation of c-Jun in the absence of STAT5. Moreover, Mueller et al.34 reported that the combined loss of STAT5 and the glucocorticoid receptor resulted in the development beta-catenin inhibitor of frank HCC. In that study, development of HCC was associated with GH and insulin resistance and high ROS levels. Because NOX4, the enzyme generating ROS, is under STAT5 control, the source of ROS in STAT5 glucocorticoid receptor double knockout mice needs to be identified. Although loss of STAT5 is sufficient to induce hepatic steatosis and HCC, the extent to which the loss

of individual STAT5 executors (NOX4, PUMA, BIM, p15INK4B) would sensitize hepatocytes to injury and lead to pathological changes is unclear. Lastly, the molecular basis of STAT5′s cell specificity, promoting proliferation in the hematopoietic system and apoptosis in liver, remains an enigma. Although STAT5 can activate genes controlling cell proliferation, survival, and death, it is fair to propose that the relative activity of these pathways will determine whether STAT5 is an oncoprotein or a tumor suppressor. selleckchem Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Given the clinical significance of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, it is critical to elucidate the mechanisms regulating this process. In the present study, we found that the frequency of circulating chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5 (CXCR5)+CD4+ T cells was higher in patients who had achieved HBeAg seroconversion in both cross-sectional (P < 0.001) and longitudinal (P = 0.009) studies.

24, 27, 28 In addition, BIM was also required for tumor cell apoptosis induced by a vascular endothelial growth factor A antagonist.29 Roles for BIM and PUMA in suppressing oncogenesis have been described for B cell leukemias30 and intestinal cells,31, 32 respectively. In those cases, BIM and PUMA exerted a strong apoptotic effect, and their loss led to enhanced

tumorigenesis. Although STAT5 directly controls the expression of p15INK4B,25 PUMA, and BIM (Fig. 8), it can also exert its function through activating another direct downstream Wnt inhibitor target gene Nox4, which encodes NOX4, a key regulator of ROS.18, 20 We further provide evidence for a direct link between NOX4 and PUMA and BIM. Inhibiting NOX4 activity led to decreased expression of PUMA and BIM and p15INK4B. The mechanism of this regulatory venue is still elusive. A picture is evolving that distinct

signaling pathways emerging from STAT5 contribute to the protection of hepatocytes (Fig. 8). Hyperactive GH signaling imposed by a GH transgene promoted inflammatory liver cancer in mice, and loss of STAT5 in these mice resulted in accelerated HCC.33 This study linked STAT5 to hepatoprotective genes and the aberrant activation of c-Jun in the absence of STAT5. Moreover, Mueller et al.34 reported that the combined loss of STAT5 and the glucocorticoid receptor resulted in the development PF-02341066 research buy of frank HCC. In that study, development of HCC was associated with GH and insulin resistance and high ROS levels. Because NOX4, the enzyme generating ROS, is under STAT5 control, the source of ROS in STAT5 glucocorticoid receptor double knockout mice needs to be identified. Although loss of STAT5 is sufficient to induce hepatic steatosis and HCC, the extent to which the loss

of individual STAT5 executors (NOX4, PUMA, BIM, p15INK4B) would sensitize hepatocytes to injury and lead to pathological changes is unclear. Lastly, the molecular basis of STAT5′s cell specificity, promoting proliferation in the hematopoietic system and apoptosis in liver, remains an enigma. Although STAT5 can activate genes controlling cell proliferation, survival, and death, it is fair to propose that the relative activity of these pathways will determine whether STAT5 is an oncoprotein or a tumor suppressor. selleck chemicals Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Given the clinical significance of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, it is critical to elucidate the mechanisms regulating this process. In the present study, we found that the frequency of circulating chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5 (CXCR5)+CD4+ T cells was higher in patients who had achieved HBeAg seroconversion in both cross-sectional (P < 0.001) and longitudinal (P = 0.009) studies.

Presumably, some of these stones pass spontaneously through the gastrointestinal tract while other larger stones become impacted in the ileum and cause a small bowel obstruction (gallstone ileus). Rarely, large stones become impacted in the duodenum and result in gastric outlet obstruction (Bouveret’s syndrome). In this setting, typical symptoms include upper abdominal pain and recurrent vomiting. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy reveals a filling-defect within the duodenum but this is not always recognized as a gallstone. The differential diagnosis can include bezoars, foreign bodies and duodenal polyps. If the diagnosis is overlooked at endoscopy, barium studies or CT scans are

usually diagnostic. Most of these patients have been treated by open or laparoscopic surgery (including cholecystectomy) selleckchem but endoscopic extraction of stones has been reported, usually after mechanical or laser

lithotripsy. In Bouveret’s syndrome, gallstones impacted in the duodenal cap are often > 4–5 cm in diameter. Contributed by “
“Any pregnant woman who becomes unwell during any stage of pregnancy following the clinical history should be examined for evidence of liver disease, particularly checks for evidence of liver failure. Physical examination should include evaluations of hydration status, mental status, and search for skin manifestations of liver disease, for example bruising, spider nevi (palmarerythemia may be present in all pregnant women). Even if there are no findings, all should have liver biochemistry and liver function evaluated in addition to hematologic and renal function Doxorubicin datasheet testing. A full medical and surgical history is needed and the specific trimester elucidated. The history (including trimester) and physical examination, taking into account the results of screening blood tests, is required to narrow down the differential diagnosis. If there are any signs of liver failure, transfer to an intensive care unit is preferable. Diagnostic tests for all types of viral hepatitis should be sent, including a vaginal swab for herpes simplex. Ultrasound

selleck compound may contribute towards the diagnosis of fatty liver and Budd–Chiarisyndrome. Close monitoring of the complete blood count and INR are required in those with “presumed” pregnancy-associated toxemia. Curiously, during pregnancy cholestasis although associated with pruritus has a liver biochemical pattern more in keeping with a “hepatitis”; serum bile acid levels clinch the diagnosis. Intense pruritus due to cholestasis of any cause may be very difficult to control with standard oral therapies and may require plasmapheresis. All patients with signs of liver failure should be assessed by a liver transplant service. “
“A man, aged 42, was investigated because of a gradual increase in dyspnea with exercise. His past history included a car accident 18 years previously that resulted in trauma to his abdomen and chest.

However, little else is known about the initial signaling events that facilitate the transduction of mechanical stimuli. In

the present study using the red tide dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge, two forms of dinoflagellate bioluminescence, mechanically stimulated and spontaneous flashes, were used as reporter systems to pharmacological treatments that targeted various predicted signaling events at the plasma membrane level of the signaling pathway. Pretreatment with 200 μM Gadolinium III (Gd3+), a nonspecific blocker of stretch-activated and some buy Ivacaftor voltage-gated ion channels, resulted in strong inhibition of both forms of bioluminescence. Pretreatment with 50 μM nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that inhibits mechanically stimulated bioluminescence, did not inhibit spontaneous bioluminescence. Treatment with 1 mM benzyl alcohol, a membrane fluidizer, was very effective in stimulating Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor bioluminescence. Benzyl alcohol-stimulated bioluminescence was inhibited by Gd3+ but not by nifedipine, suggesting that its role is through stretch activation via a change in plasma membrane fluidity. These results are consistent with the presence of stretch-activated and voltage-gated

ion channels in the bioluminescence mechanotransduction signaling pathway, with spontaneous flashing associated with a stretch-activated component at the plasma membrane. “
“Molecular studies have shown that

New Zealand’s rocky shores are a habitat for >30 species of Porphyra, but little is known of their seasonal and zonal distribution. The spatial and temporal distribution of bladed Porphyra gametophytes at Brighton Beach, southeast New Zealand, were monitored for 32 months. Molecular markers were used for species identification, and selleck products a total of nine species was observed as being present during this time. Two species, P. cinnamomea and Porphyra sp. “ROS 54,” were the most common, and both were present for most months, while the remaining seven species were present sporadically, for only a few weeks at a time. P. cinnamomea W. A. Nelson and Porphyra sp. “ROS 54” were most common in the midintertidal, and both showed a similar seasonality with the highest presence during spring. They also showed a similar trend of seasonal dieback resulting in at least 1 month (May) in two consecutive years when they were both absent. This is one of the few studies investigating spatial and temporal distribution within a genus and over a 3-year period. Our results show no distinct intertidal zonation patterns within the genus, and we conclude that morphologically similar species in a similar habitat rely on physiological mechanisms for survival. “
“Molecular analyses of bacteria associated with photosynthetic organisms are often confounded by coamplification of the chloroplastidial 16S rDNA with the targeted bacterial 16S rDNA.