Conclusion: This review should inform, and not distract from, recommendations

to reduce the risk of HCV transmission. Health care providers need to pay special attention to sexual transmission of HCV among HIV-infected individuals. HEPATOLOGY 2010 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a blood-borne Alpelisib cost infection transmitted mainly through injection drug use (IDU), blood transfusions, organ transplantations, accidental needle sticks, 1, 2 and other parenteral exposures, including inappropriate use or reuse of needles and syringes in health care settings. 3, 4 Sexual transmission is a controversial mode of HCV transmission that has received considerable attention among health care providers and the lay public. For example, in 2009, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Viral Hepatitis received over 2,600 telephone and email inquiries about hepatitis C. When looking at available data that capture responses to inquiries, transmission modes of hepatitis C and the sexual transmission of hepatitis C infection were among the top used responses Galunisertib (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, unpublished reports). The possibility of sexual transmission of HCV infection is supported by the isolation

of HCV RNA from semen and cervical smears in some studies 5-7 but not others. 8, 9 Furthermore, although the sexual transmission of the same hepatitis C virus strain, as determined by molecular analysis, has been documented in some case reports and case series, 10-20 the magnitude of the risk http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/AP24534.html varies depending on the quality of the study design, the likelihood of unmeasured parenteral routes of transmission, and the level

of risk behavior of the study participants. Given the conflicting evidence and the ongoing inquiries, we conducted a review of the literature to summarize the best available data on the risk of HCV transmission through sexual activity. aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IDU, injection drug use; MSM, men who have sex with men; STI, sexually transmitted infection. Studies addressing the sexual transmission of hepatitis C were identified through a comprehensive literature search on PubMed of English-language articles published between 1995 and 2009. We excluded studies published prior to 1995 because hepatitis C case ascertainment depended on laboratory tests that were not as accurate as currently available ones. Search terms such as hepatitis C, HCV, sexual transmission, and men who have sex with men were used to identify potentially relevant papers. Cited references in relevant articles were also carefully assessed for inclusion. Each article was evaluated based on the strength of the study design, representativeness of the study population, adjustment or control of potentially confounding HCV risk factors (such as IDU), and mode of ascertaining hepatitis C infection.