Results: The two essential oils contain high levels of alcohol (43.47-50.10%) and terpene (18.55-21.07%) with the major compound being menthol (28.19-30.35%). The antimicrobial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) of peppermint https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk2879552-2hcl.html oil against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (0.15, 0.08, 0.92 %v/v, respectively) was stronger than that of chocolate mint (0.23, 0.09, 1.22 %v/v, respectively). In the anti-oxidant test including DPPH and beta-Carotene-linoleic acid assays, peppermint oil showed superior antioxidant properties

to chocolate mint oil (4.45 – 19.86 mu l/mL). However, with regard to scavenging NO radical activity, chocolate mint oil exhibited higher activity than peppermint (0.31 and 0.42 mu l/mL, respectively). Chocolate mint oil also exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activity than peppermint oil (0.03 and 0.08 mu l/mL, respectively).

Conclusion: The results obtained should help to clarify the functional

applications of these folk herbs and their essential oils for aromatherapeutic healing and other folkloric uses.”
“Patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) often have substantial comorbidities, which must be taken into account to appropriately assess expected postoperative outcomes. The Charlson/Deyo and Elixhauser indices are widely used comorbidity measures, both of which also have revised algorithms based on enhanced ICD-9-CM coding. this website It is currently unclear which of the existing comorbidity measures best predicts early postoperative outcomes following LRYGB.

Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, patients 18 years or older undergoing LRYGB for obesity between 2001 and 2008 were identified. check details Comorbidities were assessed according to the original and enhanced Charlson/Deyo and Elixhauser indices. Using multivariate logistic regression, the following early postoperative outcomes were assessed: overall postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, and conversion to open surgery. Model performance for the four comorbidity indices was assessed and compared using C-statistics and the Akaike’s

information criterion (AIC).

A total of 70,287 patients were included. Mean age was 43.1 years (SD, 10.8), 81.6 % were female and 60.3 % were White. Both the original and enhanced Elixhauser indices modestly outperformed the Charlson/Deyo in predicting the surgical outcomes. All four models had similar C-statistics, but the original Elixhauser index was associated with the smallest AIC for all of the surgical outcomes.

The original Elixhauser index is the best predictor of early postoperative outcomes in our cohort of patients undergoing LRYGB. However, differences between the Charlson/Deyo and Elixhauser indices are modest, and each of these indices provides clinically relevant insight for predicting early postoperative outcomes in this high-risk patient population.

Results: 84% of CQ25 versus 51% of CQ40 patients experienced parasite recrudescence during follow-up (adjusted odds ratio 0.17, 95%CI 0.08-0.38). Cure rates were significantly improved with CQ40, particularly among adults. Fever clearance time, parasite clearance time, and proportions gametocytaemic post-treatment were similar between treatment groups. Second-line CQ40 treatment resulted in higher failure rates than first-line CQ40 treatment. CQ-resistance marker pfcrt 76T was found in all isolates analysed, while pfmdr1 86Y and 184Y were found in 18% and 37% of isolates respectively.

Conclusions: CQ is not suitable

for first-line falciparum treatment in Afghan refugee communities. The extended-dose CQ regimen can overcome 39% of resistant infections that would AZD6738 supplier recrudesce under the standard regimen, but the high failure rate after directly observed treatment demonstrates its use is inappropriate.”
“Objective.

Oral lichenoid disease (OLD) includes a number of chronic inflammatory processes including oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) with controversial diagnosis and prognosis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme for inflammatory processes and cellular proliferation. Its overexpression in some premalignant chronic inflammatory diseases and malignant neoplasias could point to its potential as a prognostic factor. The aim of this study was to analyze the COX-2 expression in different subtypes of OLD because of its potential to be a marker of altered behavior.

Study design. Forty-four HDAC assay samples from OLD patients were studied (30 females and 14 males) and classified according to their clinical (C1: only papular lesions/C2: papular and other lesions) and histological

features (HT: OLP typical/HC: OLP compatible) according to published criteria. Standard immunohistochemical procedure was performed for COX-2 expression and a comparative and descriptive statistical analyses were performed.

Results. Epithelial COX-2 overexpression was observed in 24 (54.5%) cases (C1: 13 [54.2%]/C2: 11 [45.8%], HT: 9 [37.5%]/HC: 15 [62.5%], P = .032). Inflammatory COX-2 overexpression was observed in 14 (31.8%) cases (C1: 6 [42.9%]/C2: 8 [57.1%], HT: AZD1152 clinical trial 4 [28.6%]/HC: 10 [71.4%], P = .032).

Conclusion. Differences in COX-2 expression in subtypes of OLD may distinguish cases with a higher premalignant potential. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:738-743)”
“Background: Accurate parasitological diagnosis of malaria is essential for targeting treatment where more than one species coexist. In this study, three rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) (AccessBio CareStart (CSPfPan), CareStart PfPv (CSPfPv) and Standard Diagnostics Bioline (SDBPfPv)) were evaluated for their ability to detect natural Plasmodium vivax infections in a basic clinic setting.

The actuarial postbiopsy graft survival varied by cluster (p = 0.002). CAN and CNI toxicity were common diagnoses in each cluster (and did not differentiate clusters). Similarly, C4d and presence of donor specific antibody were frequently observed across clusters. We conclude that for recipients with new-onset late graft dysfunction, cluster analysis of Banff scores distinguishes meaningful subgroups with differing outcomes.”
“P>Soil salinity affects a large proportion of the land worldwide, forcing plants to evolve a number of mechanisms to cope Selleckchem Apoptosis Compound Library with salt stress. Cytokinin

plays a role in the plant response to salt stress, but little is known about the mechanism by which cytokinin controls this process. We used a molecular genetics approach to examine the influence

of cytokinin on sodium accumulation and salt sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cytokinin application was found to increase DZNeP research buy sodium accumulation in the shoots of Arabidopsis, but had no significant affect on the sodium content in the roots. Consistent with this, altered sodium accumulation phenotypes were observed in mutants of each gene class of the cytokinin signal transduction pathway, including receptors, phospho-transfer proteins, and type-A and type-B response regulators. Expression of the gene encoding Arabidopsis high-affinity K+ transporter 1;1 (AtHKT1;1), a gene responsible for removing sodium ions from the root xylem, was repressed by cytokinin treatment, but showed significantly elevated expression in the cytokinin response double mutant arr1-3 arr12-1. Our data suggest that cytokinin, acting through the transcription Entinostat factors ARR1 and ARR12, regulates sodium accumulation in the shoots by controlling the expression of AtHKT1;1 in

the roots.”
“Identification of regulatory relationships between transcription factors (TFs) and their targets is a central problem in post-genomic biology. In this paper, we apply an approach based on the support vector machine (SVM) and gene-expression data to predict the regulatory interactions in Arabidopsis. A set of 125 experimentally validated TF-target interactions and 750 negative regulatory gene pairs are collected as the training data. Their expression profiles data at 79 experimental conditions are fed to the SVM to perform the prediction. Through the jackknife cross-validation test, we find that the overall prediction accuracy of our approach achieves 88.68%. Our approach could help to widen the understanding of Arabidopsis gene regulatory scheme and may offer a cost-effective alternative to construct the gene regulatory network. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

On the basis of the physical concepts of the spin-glass model, the modified-Landau theory and the ordering models, it is suggested that local polarizations are affected not only by degree of ordering but also by space charge polarization. In contrast, the glassy behavior of

local polarization is affected only by degree of ordering but has nothing to do with space charge polarization. It is because local fields induced by space charge polarization have the same effect on local polarizations and are neutralized when calculating the correlation between neighboring polar microregions. On the other hand, the Survivin inhibitor freezing process of local polarizations is affected by both degree of ordering and space charge polarization because local polarization affected by local fields cannot be neutralized when calculating the individual behavior of local polarization. (C)

2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3517792]“
“Sirtuin 1 (SirT1) is the largest of the seven members of the sirtuin family of class III nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent protein deacetylases, whose activation is beneficial for metabolic, neurodegenerative, inflammatory and neoplastic Acalabrutinib inhibitor diseases, and augments life span in model organisms (Finkel et al., 2009; Lavu et al., 2008). In vitro studies show that SirT1 protects genome integrity and is involved in circadian physiological rhythms (Asher et al., 2008; Nakahata et al., 2008; Oberdoerffer et al., 2008). In the last few years, a fundamental role for SirT1 in the metabolism and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells has been uncovered (Fulco selleckchem et al.,

2003), and the use of specific transgenic or knockout SirT1 mouse models implicates it in the protection of heart muscle from oxidative and hypertrophic stresses (Alcendor et al., 2007). In this Perspective, we review the recent exciting findings that have established a key role for the ‘longevity’ protein SirT1 in skeletal and heart muscle physiology and disease. Furthermore, given the multiple biological functions of SirT1, we discuss the unique opportunities that SirT1 mouse models can offer to improve our integrated understanding of the metabolism, as well as the regeneration and aging-associated changes in the circadian function, of skeletal and heart muscle.”
“Present work investigated the short-term flexural creep performance of fiber reinforced thermoplastic injection molded leaf springs. Unreinforced polypropylene, 20 wt % short and 20 wt % long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene materials were injection-molded into constant thickness varying width mono leaf spring. Shortterm flexural creep tests were performed on molded leaf springs at various stress levels with the aid of in-house developed fixture integrated with the servo-hydraulic fatigue machine. Spring rate reduction is reported as an index for the accumulated damage.

Furthermore, SlTIR1 overexpression altered transcript levels of a number of auxin-responsive genes. The present data demonstrate that the tomato SlTIR1 GDC-0994 concentration gene plays an important role at the stages of flower-to-fruit transition and leaf formation.”
“Despite a variety of urinary tract reconstructive techniques, urinary complications are the most frequent technical adverse event following kidney transplantation. We examined outcomes of two ureteroneocystostomy techniques, the full-thickness (FT) technique and the LichGregoir (LG) technique in 634 consecutive kidney-alone

transplants (327 FT and 307 LG) between December 2006 and December 2010. Urological complications at one yr post-transplantation occurred in 27 cases (4.3%) including 16 ureteral strictures (2.5%), four ureteral obstructions (0.6%) owing to donor-derived stones or intrinsic hematoma, and seven Staurosporine research buy urine leaks (1.1%). Compared with LG, the FT technique was associated with similar proportions of ureteral complications

overall (3.9% vs. 4.6%, p = 0.70), ureteral strictures (3.7% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.08), urinary stones/hematoma (1.0% vs. 0.3%, p = 0.36), and overall urinary leaks (1.6% vs. 0.6%, p = 0.22); however, the FT technique was associated with somewhat fewer urine leaks at the ureterovesical junction (0% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.05). There were no differences between the two groups in terms of length of stay, delayed graft function, urinary tract infection with the first post-transplant ASK inhibitor year, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and overall graft and patient survival. The FT technique of ureteroneocystostomy is technically simple to perform and has a similar incidence of urinary complications compared with the LG technique.”
“Our understanding of the genetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has changed, in part owing to implementation of genome-wide association studies as a method for unraveling the

genetic architecture of complex traits. These studies enable a global search throughout the nuclear genome for variants that are associated with specific phenotypes. Currently, single nucleotide polymorphisms in about 24 different genetic loci have been associated with T2DM. Most of these genetic loci are associated with the insulin secretion pathway rather than insulin resistance. study design, heritability differences and the intrinsic properties of in vivo insulin resistance measures might partially explain why only a few loci associated with insulin resistance have been detected through genome-wide association approaches. Despite the success of these approaches at detecting loci associated with T2DM, currently known associations explain only a small amount of the genetic variance involved in the disease. Compared with previous studies, larger cohorts might be needed to identify variants of smaller effect sizes and lower allele frequencies.

The aim of the present randomized study was to compare the response rates and safety profile of nab-paclitaxel with sb-paclitaxel in Chinese patients with MBC.

Methods:

In the present open-label, multicenter study, 210 patients with MBC PD-1/PD-L1 assay were randomly assigned to receive nab-paclitaxel 260 mg/m<SU2</SU

intravenously (i.v.) over 30 min every 3 weeks (q3w) with no premedication or sb-paclitaxel 175 mg/m<SU2</SU i.v. over 3 h q3w with standard premedication.

Results:

The overall response rate was 54 and 29% in patients treated with nab-paclitaxel and sb-paclitaxel, respectively (P < 0.001). nab-paclitaxel induced a higher response rate in patients who were < 65 years old, patients who were receiving first-line therapy, patients who had no prior anthracycline therapy,

patients who had < or > 3 metastatic lesions, and patients who had visceral disease. The progression-free survival (PFS) period was 7.6 months for nab-paclitaxel and 6.2 months for sb-paclitaxel (P = 0.118). Despite the 49% higher paclitaxel dose in patients receiving nab-paclitaxel compared with patients receiving sb-paclitaxel, the safety profile was similar in both treatment groups. The most common grades 3 and 4 adverse event (AE) in both arms was neutropenia. The most common grade 3 nonhematologic AE was peripheral neuropathy, and no mTOR inhibitor grade 4 peripheral neuropathy was observed.

Conclusion:

Compared with sb-paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel demonstrated superior efficacy, an acceptable safety profile, and BTSA1 price a trend toward increased PFS in patients with MBC.”
“A detailed analysis to extend the emission wavelength of InAs/InP nanostructures is presented employing InAs quantum dots (QDs), InAs quantum wells (QWs), and a combination of InAs QDs and QWs grown on InGaAsP/InP (100) by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. First the optimized growth conditions of InAs QDs are established and an emission wavelength of 2 16 mu m is achieved by capping with strain reducing InGaAs layers Second, InAs QWs are grown under metal-stable conditions

with the longest emission wavelength of 2.26 mu m for a 4 nm QW Finally, a combined InAs QDs on QW structure is realized. The InAs QD density is drastically increased oil the QW and the longest emission wavelength of 2.46 mu m is obtained at 6 K from sparse huge QDs. These findings open routes to extend the emission wavelength in the InAs/InP materials system beyond 2.4 mu m using InAs QDs on QW structures. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3257243]“
“Background-Copy number variants (CNVs) are a major form of genomic variation, which may be implicated in complex disease phenotypes. However, investigation of the role of CNVs in coronary heart disease (CHD) traits has been limited.

Institutions continue to employ more “”traditional”" sterile preparation with similar procedures in the operating room. Multiple studies have

also shown no significant difference in postoperative course when preoperative antibiotics are administered for sinus procedures.

Methods: Endoscopic sinus procedures were selected (58 patients) to analyze itemized sterile costs. Drapes, gloves, gowns, and antibiotics, were then tallied and compared to the same items for cochlear implants (14 procedures). The “”sterile-prep”" time was also analyzed and compared between the two procedures. Cost difference was analyzed.

Results: Comparing the supplies used for sinus procedures (56) and cochlear implants, our average sinus cost was $10.19, compared to $34.64, with a difference of $24.45. This equated to a savings STI571 ic50 of $1418.00 in sinus procedure supplies that year. The difference in draping

and scrubbing time showed a difference Epigenetics inhibitor of 20 min between groups, equaling a value of $1760 difference/case. This calculated to a savings of $10,2080 for sinus operating room time. There was no difference in patient outcomes with this surgical preparatory approach.

Conclusion: Our analysis showed a large cost savings over a fiscal year in operative time and supplies. This did not compromise any patient outcomes given the already non-sterile nature of endoscopic sinus surgery. This practice can be adopted to greatly enhance efficiency without sacrificing surgical results. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“To investigate the prevalence of ATPIII- and IDF-defined metabolic syndrome (MetS) in an Irish screening population and to determine the calculated cardiovascular risk for each group.

A total of 1,716 subjects were enrolled over VX-770 a 12-month period.

The ATPIII-defined prevalence of MetS in this population

was 13.2%. Using IDF criteria, 21.4% of subjects were identified as having the MetS. Correlation between the two definitions was high; however, IDF criteria identified an additional 9.5% (n = 164) of the population as having MetS, which ATPIII criteria failed to recognise.

We noted a higher prevalence of MetS in the studied population when defined by IDF criteria. However, those identified by IDF and not by ATPIII definition did not have a higher cardiovascular risk score by either Framingham or European Score than those without MetS. Thus, application of the ATPIII definition of MetS, may be the more practical.”
“Objective: To describe the development and challenges of a pharmacist-directed peer support program among adolescents with diabetes.

Practice description: The program was designed as adjunctive therapy for adolescents receiving care at the Diabetes Education and Research Center (DERC). DERC is an interdisciplinary facility at which the clinical pharmacist provides direct, diabetes-related patient care services.

“
“N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), which is a useful biomarker of chronic heart failure, has been shown to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality. HIF-1�� pathway The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between NT-proBNP and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients

with type 2 diabetes. Relationships of NT-proBNP to pulse wave velocity (PWV) or ankle-brachial index (ABI) as well as to various parameters, including body mass index, blood pressure, serum lipid concentration, serum uric acid concentration, and glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c), age, hemoglobin, serum creatinine concentration, severity of diabetic nephropathy or retinopathy, current treatment of diabetes, cardiothoracic ratio on chest radiograph, presence of left ventricular hypertrophy and/or ST-T changes evaluated by electrocardiograph, smoking status and presence of cardiovascular disease were investigated in 323 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes. Log (NT-proBNP) correlated positively with PWV (r = 0.283, p < 0.0001) and correlated negatively with ABI (r = -0.144, p = 0.0094). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that age (beta = 0.200, p = 0.0033), systolic blood pressure (beta = 0.246, p C59 wnt < 0.0001), total cholesterol (beta = -0.135, p = 0.0326), uric acid (beta = 0.133, p = 0.0462), creatinine (beta = -0.184, p = 0.0122), smoking status (beta =

-0.129, p = 0.0499) and log (NT-proBNP) (beta = 0.177, p = 0.0149) were independently correlated with PWV and that systolic blood pressure (beta = -0.145, p = 0.0310),

log triglyceride (beta = -0.151, p = 0.0397) and log (NT-proBNP) (beta = -0.207, p = 0.0094) were independently correlated with ABI. In conclusion, NT-proBNP could be a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.”
“The impact of positron emission tomography (PET) on radiation therapy is held back by poor methods of defining functional volumes of interest. Many new software tools are being proposed for contouring target volumes but the different approaches are not adequately compared and their accuracy is poorly evaluated due to the ill-definition of ground truth. This paper compares the largest cohort learn more to date of established, emerging and proposed PET contouring methods, in terms of accuracy and variability. We emphasize spatial accuracy and present a new metric that addresses the lack of unique ground truth. Thirty methods are used at 13 different institutions to contour functional volumes of interest in clinical PET/CT and a custom-built PET phantom representing typical problems in image guided radiotherapy. Contouring methods are grouped according to algorithmic type, level of interactivity and how they exploit structural information in hybrid images. Experiments reveal benefits of high levels of user interaction, as well as simultaneous visualization of CT images and PET gradients to guide interactive procedures.

Activation can be identified by a large increase in photoemission between the valence band edge and the Fermi level and appears to occur over a two stage process.

The first stage involves desorption of contaminants and recrystallization of the oxide, initially impeding hydrogen loading. Further heating overcomes the first stage and leads to degradation of the passive surface oxide leading to a bulk film more accessible for hydrogen loading. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3590335]“
“Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cyanidin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside RepSox (C3G) concentrated materials from mulberry fruit on improvement and protection of erectile function. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (12 weeks old) were divided into three groups (n = 12 in each): normal control, diabetes mellitus (DM), and DM with C3G concentrated material treatment (DM + C3G). DM and DM + C3G group rats received a single injection

of streptozotocin selleck chemicals llc (50 mg/kg), and 4 weeks after induction of diabetes, the DM + C3G group rats were treated with daily concentrated material treatment (10 mg/kg) dissolved in water for 8 weeks. After 12 weeks of streptozotocin injections, the rats in each group underwent intracavernosal pressure measurement and then the corporal tissues were sampled. Results: The DM group rats showed markedly lower erectile parameters than those in the control group, whereas rats in the DM + C3G group showed improved erectile function by minimizing corporal apoptosis and increasing the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and neuronal NOS protein. A significant increase in 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was shown in the DM group compared with the normal group. However, in the DM + C3G group, 8-OHdG was statistically significantly reduced compared with the DM group. Conclusions:The current study is the first to suggest that C3G concentrated materials may have a potency to improve and protect

erectile function under conditions of diabetes-induced oxidative stress. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Seizures related Fosbretabulin in vivo to nonketotic hyperglycemia (NKH) are often encountered in clinical practice. Among such seizures, reflex seizures are rare, and most of them are movement-induced focal seizures. We describe five patients with NKH and reflex seizures induced exclusively by playing Mah-Jong, a traditional and popular game in Chinese society. Four patients had partial seizures and one had a generalized seizure. All the patients manifested NKH on occurrence of the seizure. During Mah-Jong in the presence of NKH, seizures could arise from the frontal and temporal lobes, which are highly activated during the game. Both avoidance of Mah-Jong playing and control of glucose intake help prevent this disorder. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cyclin D1, pRb, and p130 protein expression correlated significantly with cardiomyocyte diameters. A significant positive correlation was noted between the pocket proteins, E2F-1, and cyclin D1.

CONCLUSION: Increased protein expression of phosphorylated (inactivated) Rb and the pocket proteins is associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in CHF. Rb inactivation Z-DEVD-FMK manufacturer might be explained by phosphorylation by increased numbers of cyclin D1/cdk4 complexes associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. However, ventricular unloading can reversibly regulate this process. These data underscore the importance of cell cycle regulatory proteins in the pathogenesis of CHF-associated (maladaptive) cardiomyocyte

hypertrophy and might offer novel clues for pharmacologic approaches of congestive heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010:29:117-124 (C) 2010 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“In this work, we investigate localized silicon nanowires synthesis in a room temperature-controlled silane filled chamber using submicronic resistors as heating devices. These resistors consist in circuit-connected this website W wires obtained, on silicon oxide substrates, by focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID) technology. Our study demonstrates that the morphology of the synthesized nanowires is temperature and

time dependent revealing a thermal gradient but also both vapor-liquid-solid and vapor-solid growth effects. Typical silicon nanowires dimensions are a length of 1-2 mu m and diameters of 30-40 nm. Structural characterization is performed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy using high energy electron transparent self-supported silicon nitride membranes. Electrical characteristics of FIBID- and self-connected nanowires are obtained. In both cases, they exhibit rectifying behavior.”
“The current study was conducted to isolate a field strain of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae, characterize its infectivity

and the response to challenge under experimental conditions. FLT3 inhibitor The isolated strain (GC) induced a prepatent period of 14-15 days p.i., a patency of 7 +/- 2 days and a noticeable pathogenicity in infected goat kids. Challenge trials resulting in a decrease of oocysts per gram counts as well as a milder intensity of clinical signs in re-infected animals indicated the capacity of this strain to induce protective immune response. Altogether, the data reported in the present study suggest that the strain E. ninakohlyakimovae GC is a useful tool for the investigation of mechanisms of pathogenicity as well as host protective immune response in caprine coccidiosis, representing a valuable prerequisite for the development of future strategies in prophylaxis and control of this important parasitic disease in goat. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.