Five minutes later, dose-response curves to cumulative doses of acetylcholine (ACh, 10−7, 10–6, and 10−5M) were evaluated. The concentration of ACh was increased by one log unit every 1.5 minutes. Response to cumulative doses of ACh was calculated as a percent change in PP. In a different group of rats, a portal perfusion pressure-response curve to Mtx was obtained by adding increasing doses of Mtx (10−6, 10−5, 10−4, 5 − 10−4 mol/L) to the reservoir every 5 minutes. Protein nitrotyrosination (3-NT), Selleck 3-deazaneplanocin A a marker of peroxynitrite production and oxidative stress due to NO reaction with ROS, was determined by western blotting (see Supporting Information for details). Blots were

probed with a mouse anti–3-NT (1:1,000) monoclonal antibody (Sigma,

Madrid, Spain) and mouse anti–glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) antibody (1:1,000 dilution; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA). X-ray films were exposed, developed, fixed, and scanned. Densitometry of digital images was performed with Melanie version 6 software. GAPDH was used as control of sample loading. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS) protein detection was performed with mouse Daporinad price anti-eNOS (1 μg/mL dilution; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and rabbit anti–p-eNOS (1:500 dilution; Cell Signaling Technology) as described for 3-NT. Quantitative densitometric values were compared between eNOS and p-eNOS blots. GAPDH was used as control of sample loading. Measurements of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate, a marker of NO bioavailability, were performed in control and cirrhotic rat liver homogenates from

HC and CIH rats (see Supporting Information for details). The results are expressed as picomoles per milliliter. Mtx and ACh were purchased from Sigma (Madrid, Spain). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 15.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). All data are reported as the mean ± SEM. Comparisons between groups were performed using analysis of variance followed by Student’s t test or the nonparametric test for unpaired data (Mann-Whitney) when appropriate. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. medchemexpress 3-NT, nitrotyrosine; ACh, acetylcholine; CBDL, common bile duct ligation; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; CIH, chronic intermittent hypoxia; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; HC, handled controls; MAP, mean arterial pressure; Mtx, methoxamine; NO, nitric oxide; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; p-eNOS, phosphorylated eNOS; PP, portal pressure; ROS, reactive oxygen species. Rats after 12 weeks of CCl4 inhalation and CBDL rats had macroscopic cirrhosis and signs of portal hypertension as shown by the presence of ascites, collateral circulation, or splenomegaly (Table 1). Rats with 8 weeks of CCl4 inhalation showed macroscopic micronodular cirrhosis without ascites. Body weight was recorded to determine whether the exposure protocol altered weight gain.

Five minutes later, dose-response curves to cumulative doses of acetylcholine (ACh, 10−7, 10–6, and 10−5M) were evaluated. The concentration of ACh was increased by one log unit every 1.5 minutes. Response to cumulative doses of ACh was calculated as a percent change in PP. In a different group of rats, a portal perfusion pressure-response curve to Mtx was obtained by adding increasing doses of Mtx (10−6, 10−5, 10−4, 5 − 10−4 mol/L) to the reservoir every 5 minutes. Protein nitrotyrosination (3-NT), ABT 263 a marker of peroxynitrite production and oxidative stress due to NO reaction with ROS, was determined by western blotting (see Supporting Information for details). Blots were

probed with a mouse anti–3-NT (1:1,000) monoclonal antibody (Sigma,

Madrid, Spain) and mouse anti–glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) antibody (1:1,000 dilution; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA). X-ray films were exposed, developed, fixed, and scanned. Densitometry of digital images was performed with Melanie version 6 software. GAPDH was used as control of sample loading. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS) protein detection was performed with mouse Omipalisib anti-eNOS (1 μg/mL dilution; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and rabbit anti–p-eNOS (1:500 dilution; Cell Signaling Technology) as described for 3-NT. Quantitative densitometric values were compared between eNOS and p-eNOS blots. GAPDH was used as control of sample loading. Measurements of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate, a marker of NO bioavailability, were performed in control and cirrhotic rat liver homogenates from

HC and CIH rats (see Supporting Information for details). The results are expressed as picomoles per milliliter. Mtx and ACh were purchased from Sigma (Madrid, Spain). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 15.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). All data are reported as the mean ± SEM. Comparisons between groups were performed using analysis of variance followed by Student’s t test or the nonparametric test for unpaired data (Mann-Whitney) when appropriate. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. MCE公司 3-NT, nitrotyrosine; ACh, acetylcholine; CBDL, common bile duct ligation; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; CIH, chronic intermittent hypoxia; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; HC, handled controls; MAP, mean arterial pressure; Mtx, methoxamine; NO, nitric oxide; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; p-eNOS, phosphorylated eNOS; PP, portal pressure; ROS, reactive oxygen species. Rats after 12 weeks of CCl4 inhalation and CBDL rats had macroscopic cirrhosis and signs of portal hypertension as shown by the presence of ascites, collateral circulation, or splenomegaly (Table 1). Rats with 8 weeks of CCl4 inhalation showed macroscopic micronodular cirrhosis without ascites. Body weight was recorded to determine whether the exposure protocol altered weight gain.

Moreover, paired queens were nearly twice as productive as single queens; given that individual queens are limited in their maximal contribution

to offspring biomass by their own fat and muscle reserves, this suggests that both queens contribute to brood care despite their unequal genetic contributions to the offspring. Thus, even in the absence of adaptation to social colony founding, the ‘default’ character of these queen groups includes a rudimentary form of two of the three essential features of eusociality: reproductive Palbociclib nmr division of labor and cooperative brood care. Self-organization can produce division of labor via a number of different mechanisms, which vary in the how individuals interact with their environment and one another. Intrinsic variation in stimulus response thresholds, for example,

can result in specialization if the task stimulus induces the lower threshold individual to initiate the behavior sooner than the higher threshold individual, resulting in a feedback loop as task performance by that individual further reduces the task stimulus encountered by the other (Page Jr & Mitchell, 1991; Page Jr & Robinson, 1991). Previous work on excavation specialization in P. barbatus queen associations was consistent with this mechanism (Fewell & Page Jr, 1999): which queen would become the excavation specialist could be predicted by their excavation propensities click here when alone, and the primary 上海皓元 change in behavior when groups were formed was the cessation of excavation by the lower frequency queen. Similarly, we found that the primary change in excavation behavior when pairs were formed was task reduction by one of the two queens; in c. 40% of cases, one queen performed little to no excavation

(Supporting Information Fig. S1), an exceedingly rare rate of task performance in solitary queens. In addition to a response threshold mechanism, we also found evidence that interindividual social interactions may play a role in mediating excavation role. As expected for queens that typically repel conspecifics from their nest site, forcing queens into a restricted shared nesting space led to aggressive displays in the majority of nests. Importantly, aggressive behaviors were often asymmetrically performed, and the ‘winner’ of these agonistic interactions was more likely to become the excavation specialist. It is likely that agonistic interactions reinforce existing propensity differences, leading to more extreme task specialization. Aggressive interactions tended to produce spatial segregation of queens within the arena, as losers of encounters tended to avoid the winner, either remaining immobile on the soil surface or attempting to enter the incipient nest.

Since accumulating evidence demonstrates that aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) contributes to tumor radiosensitivity,

we attempted to identify miRNAs associated with radioresistance of ESCC. Methods: In this study, we detected the radiosensitivity ABT-888 order of six ESCC cell lines including TE1, ECA109, EC9706, KYSE30, KYSE150, and KYSE450 by colony formation assays. Then we used GeneChip miRNA array to perform a comparison of miRNAs expression in these ESCC cell lines. One miRNA candidate found to be down-regulated in radiation resistant cells was miRNA-381. Furthermore, we detected the effect of miRNA-381 on radiosensitivity, cellular proliferation and migration of ESCC by using pre-miR-381 or antisense

of miRNA-381 in vitro and in vivo. Results: The trend of radiosensitivity in these six cell lines was TE1>ECA109>EC9706>KYSE30>KYSE150>KYSE450. The expression of miRNA-381 in radiation sensitive ESCC cell lines was higher. Enforced expression of miRNA-381 increased radiosensitivity of radioresistant ESCC cells and promoted the formation of nonaggressive phenotype including decreased cellular proliferation and migration. In contrast, inhibition Dinaciclib nmr of miRNA-381 in radiosensitive ESCC cells promoted radiation resistance and development of an aggressive phenotype. In vivo assays extended the significance of these results, showing that miRNA-381 overe-xpression decreased tumor growth and resistance to radiation treatment in tumor xenografts. Conclusion: Together, our work reveals miRNA-381 MCE公司 expression as a critical determinant of radiation resistance in esophageal cancer cells. Key

Word(s): 1. microRNA; 2. esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; 3. radioresistance; 4. aberrant expression Presenting Author: VISHNU BIRADAR Additional Authors: SONIA NAIK, NACHIKET DUBALE, SHITAL BIRADAR, VIJAYASHRI BHIDE, AMOL BAPAYE Corresponding Author: AMOL BAPAYE Affiliations: Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital And Research Center, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital And Research Center, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital And Research Center, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital And Research Center, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Center Objective: Cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is a leading cause of food allergy in infants and children up to 5 years of age. We aimed this study to know the clinical profile of CMPA in western India and need of special formula for management. Methods: Design: Retrospective Duration: Jan 2011 to May 2014 Diagnosis of CMPA was based on 1. Relevant clinical history 2.

Since accumulating evidence demonstrates that aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) contributes to tumor radiosensitivity,

we attempted to identify miRNAs associated with radioresistance of ESCC. Methods: In this study, we detected the radiosensitivity Selleck Trichostatin A of six ESCC cell lines including TE1, ECA109, EC9706, KYSE30, KYSE150, and KYSE450 by colony formation assays. Then we used GeneChip miRNA array to perform a comparison of miRNAs expression in these ESCC cell lines. One miRNA candidate found to be down-regulated in radiation resistant cells was miRNA-381. Furthermore, we detected the effect of miRNA-381 on radiosensitivity, cellular proliferation and migration of ESCC by using pre-miR-381 or antisense

of miRNA-381 in vitro and in vivo. Results: The trend of radiosensitivity in these six cell lines was TE1>ECA109>EC9706>KYSE30>KYSE150>KYSE450. The expression of miRNA-381 in radiation sensitive ESCC cell lines was higher. Enforced expression of miRNA-381 increased radiosensitivity of radioresistant ESCC cells and promoted the formation of nonaggressive phenotype including decreased cellular proliferation and migration. In contrast, inhibition RXDX-106 in vitro of miRNA-381 in radiosensitive ESCC cells promoted radiation resistance and development of an aggressive phenotype. In vivo assays extended the significance of these results, showing that miRNA-381 overe-xpression decreased tumor growth and resistance to radiation treatment in tumor xenografts. Conclusion: Together, our work reveals miRNA-381 medchemexpress expression as a critical determinant of radiation resistance in esophageal cancer cells. Key

Word(s): 1. microRNA; 2. esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; 3. radioresistance; 4. aberrant expression Presenting Author: VISHNU BIRADAR Additional Authors: SONIA NAIK, NACHIKET DUBALE, SHITAL BIRADAR, VIJAYASHRI BHIDE, AMOL BAPAYE Corresponding Author: AMOL BAPAYE Affiliations: Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital And Research Center, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital And Research Center, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital And Research Center, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital And Research Center, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Center Objective: Cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is a leading cause of food allergy in infants and children up to 5 years of age. We aimed this study to know the clinical profile of CMPA in western India and need of special formula for management. Methods: Design: Retrospective Duration: Jan 2011 to May 2014 Diagnosis of CMPA was based on 1. Relevant clinical history 2.

It will mainly focus on 2 topics: the use of opioid medication Neratinib for the acute treatment of migraine attacks and continuous prophylactic use for refractory chronic migraine.

Opioids have been used to treat pain for thousands of years. The first recorded use was by the ancient Greeks who derived them from the opium poppy Papava somniferum. The use of opioids probably predates recorded history, however, and while it is hard to know when they were first used for headache treatment, this likely has a history spanning millennia as well. The therapeutic use of opioids is as controversial as any topic in medicine. The use of prescription opioids has dramatically risen over the past 20 years, although may be leveling off and probably

will decrease over the next several years.[1, 2] The prescribing of opioids for acute and chronic treatment of headache disorders appears to have selleck kinase inhibitor followed this cyclic trend. Careful analysis of the benefits and disadvantages of opioid therapy in migraine and other disorders seems especially called for in this current time of change. This article will attempt to do that, focusing on the role of opioids in the acute management of headache as well as chronic treatment of refractory migraine and other chronic disabling headache disorders. Opioid analgesics are often divided into (1) the naturally occurring alkaloids derived from the opium poppy, (2) semisynthetic agents, and (3) synthetic compounds. The term opiate

is supposed to be applied only to the first group, while opioids refer to any analgesic resembling or sharing key properties with this group. Opioids interact with opioid receptors of which there are several known types: mu, delta, and kappa. All 3 receptors when activated can promote analgesia. Opioid receptors are present on both sides of the first synapse in the nociceptive pathway (spinal cord dorsal horn for trunk and limb nociception; spinal trigeminal nucleus for facial and anterior head nociception), so both pain signal transmission and release of excitatory neurotransmitters are reduced by medications with opioid agonism. Another way of classifying opioids, which is more helpful 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 in assessing effects on pain, is to consider 3 groups divided as to their agonistic/antagonistic effects on opioid receptors: full agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists. Morphine and other opioid agonists probably work for head pain by modifying nociceptive input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus (nucleus caudalis), but it is fairly clear that they have no effect on the source of migraine pain – ie, neurovascular. For this reason, and others that will be covered later, their effectiveness in primary headache is limited.

NAFLD does not show any typical clinical appearance, so it is important to do workups such as liver enzyme test to make the diagnosis. In some research, Alanine Aminotransferase

(ALT) is considered as the marker of EPZ015666 NAFLD. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between serum triglycerides with ALT levels in NAFLD patients. Methods: This study is an analytical study with retrospective design by using the data from health record of NAFLD patients in the hospital medical record installation of RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang. The subject of this study were 51 NAFLD patients. Results: The mean of serum tryglycerides level was 164,69 mg/dL and ALT level was 48,43 U/l in NAFLD patients. By performing Pearson correlation test, there were a strong correlation (r = 0,512) and significantly association (p < 0,001)

between serum triglyceride s and ALT levels. Clark et al. (2003) found that there was correlation between the increasing of serum ALT level with triglyceride. The study of Mendla et al. (2012) showed that ALT/triglyceride ratio has a high sensitivity and specificity for identifying NAFLD. This result concordant with this study, which www.selleckchem.com/products/ldk378.html is the correlation between triglyceride and ALT could be a marker to detect NAFLD in obesity patients. Conclusion: Serum triglycerides level were associated with ALT level in patient

with NAFLD. Key Word(s): 1. triglyceride; 2. medchemexpress ALT; 3. NAFLD Presenting Author: YUSTAR MULYADI Additional Authors: LIES MAISYARAH, VIRHAN NOVIANRY Corresponding Author: YUSTAR MULYADI Affiliations: Rsud Sudarso, Rsud Sudarso Objective: The objective of this study was to known the relationship between liver cirrhosis severity level according to Child Turcotte criteria with hyperglycemia in cirrhosis patients at Dr Sudarso General Hospital Pontianak. Methods: This study was an analytical with cross sectional approach. The data were collected by taking a secondary data from patient medical records as many as 92 samples. Data were analyzed by chi square test. Results: Hyperglycemia are found 30 subject (32,6%), normoglycemia are found 58 subject (63%), and hypoglycemia are found 4 (4,3%). Chi square analyzed show no significant correlation between liver cirrhosis severity level according to Child Turcotte criteria with hyperglycemia in cirrhosis patients (p = 0.172). Conclusion: No significant correlation between liver cirrhosis severity level according to Child Turcotte criteria with hyperglycemia in cirrhosis patients at Dr Sudarso General Hospital Pontianak. Key Word(s): 1. liver cirrhosis; 2. Child Turcotte criteria; 3.

NAFLD does not show any typical clinical appearance, so it is important to do workups such as liver enzyme test to make the diagnosis. In some research, Alanine Aminotransferase

(ALT) is considered as the marker of R428 manufacturer NAFLD. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between serum triglycerides with ALT levels in NAFLD patients. Methods: This study is an analytical study with retrospective design by using the data from health record of NAFLD patients in the hospital medical record installation of RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang. The subject of this study were 51 NAFLD patients. Results: The mean of serum tryglycerides level was 164,69 mg/dL and ALT level was 48,43 U/l in NAFLD patients. By performing Pearson correlation test, there were a strong correlation (r = 0,512) and significantly association (p < 0,001)

between serum triglyceride s and ALT levels. Clark et al. (2003) found that there was correlation between the increasing of serum ALT level with triglyceride. The study of Mendla et al. (2012) showed that ALT/triglyceride ratio has a high sensitivity and specificity for identifying NAFLD. This result concordant with this study, which find more is the correlation between triglyceride and ALT could be a marker to detect NAFLD in obesity patients. Conclusion: Serum triglycerides level were associated with ALT level in patient

with NAFLD. Key Word(s): 1. triglyceride; 2. 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 ALT; 3. NAFLD Presenting Author: YUSTAR MULYADI Additional Authors: LIES MAISYARAH, VIRHAN NOVIANRY Corresponding Author: YUSTAR MULYADI Affiliations: Rsud Sudarso, Rsud Sudarso Objective: The objective of this study was to known the relationship between liver cirrhosis severity level according to Child Turcotte criteria with hyperglycemia in cirrhosis patients at Dr Sudarso General Hospital Pontianak. Methods: This study was an analytical with cross sectional approach. The data were collected by taking a secondary data from patient medical records as many as 92 samples. Data were analyzed by chi square test. Results: Hyperglycemia are found 30 subject (32,6%), normoglycemia are found 58 subject (63%), and hypoglycemia are found 4 (4,3%). Chi square analyzed show no significant correlation between liver cirrhosis severity level according to Child Turcotte criteria with hyperglycemia in cirrhosis patients (p = 0.172). Conclusion: No significant correlation between liver cirrhosis severity level according to Child Turcotte criteria with hyperglycemia in cirrhosis patients at Dr Sudarso General Hospital Pontianak. Key Word(s): 1. liver cirrhosis; 2. Child Turcotte criteria; 3.

According to 2008 HCV national survey, the overall prevalence

is decreasing compared to 1996 (figure 1), but there is an evidence of intense ongoing endemic transmission in Egypt due to poor adherence of infection control measures. National committee for Nutlin-3a cost control of viral hepatitis put together a comprehensive program to control HCV, including surveillance, prevention and patient’s management. Methods: The efficacy of the national committee for control of viral hepatitis in treating patients as well as the incidence of new patient annually were assessed to observe whether HCV control program is effective or not. The national committee established 23 viral hepatitis treatment centers throughout Egypt. There is full data for pre-enrollment and treatment of 220,000 HCV patients treated with pegulated interferon and ribavirin from2006–2012. The estimated annual incidence is 45,000 Results: Out of the 220,000 patients, the sustained viral response (SVR) rate was Selleckchem Tanespimycin 54%, so 118,800 patients cleared the virus over seven year period (2006–2012), there is no data on the number of patients treated in non-governmental health care facility. It is estimated that

315,000 new cases infected (45,000 cases per year), So the rate new infections exceed the number of patients who achieve SVR Conclusion: HCV continue to be a major health problem in Egypt with inadequate current HCV control program Immediate change in the health care policy to develop strict nationwide infection control program involving MCE公司 all health care facilities focusing on education, certification, surveillance and reinforcement is the corner stone of any eradication program for HCV and is cost effective compared to treatment. Disclosures: Hussien Elsiesy – Speaking and Teaching: ROCHE, BMS, JSK The following people have nothing to disclose: Talaat Z. Ibrahim Mahmoud, Khaled Attallah, Almoutaz Hahim, Waleed K. Al-Hamoudi, Mohammed Al Sebayel,

Faisal A. Abaalkhail Liver diseases (LDs) have a high impact on morbidity, mortality and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Different LDs may have different effects on patients’ HRQoL. The aim of our study was to assess the reliability and benefit of using a generic HRQoL questionnaire to evaluate the health status of patients with the major liver conditions: hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary scleros-ing cholangitis (PSC), NAFLD/NASH and patients in the liver transplant list. A naturalistic, prospective, multicenter study has been conducted to generate and validate a set of health care outcomes indicators for the major liver conditions. LDs patients (age>18 years) were enrolled in 3 major Italian medical centers and are still being followed up (median f-up: 13 months).

Key Word(s): 1. Tuberculosis; 2. Crohn’s disease; Ferroptosis inhibitor clinical trial 3. Anti-TB therapy; Presenting Author: WEE KHOON NG Additional Authors: WEE CHIAN LIM, CHARLES VU Corresponding Author: WEE KHOON NG Affiliations: Tan Tock Seng Hospital Objective: Vitamin D deficiency and low bone mineral density (BMD) is common amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [1,2]. It is important to detect vitamin D deficiency as a higher vitamin D status significantly reduces the risk of incident Crohn’s disease (CD). Previous studies also suggested that vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for low BMD in IBD patients [3,4]. The prevalence of vitamin

D deficiency and the extent of ethnic influence remains poorly documented for Asian patients with IBD. Our aim is to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with IBD in a tropical country like Singapore, with a multi-racial population (predominantly consisting of Chinese, Malay and Indian) and evaluate its association with BMD.* References in appended

file Methods: Case notes and electronic records of patients with IBD who has been treated at our centre were retrospectively reviewed. Vitamin D levels and BMD were selleck compound checked at the discretion of the attending physician. The vitamin D levels were initially measured using assay for vitamin D3 (deficiency defined as <20 μg/L, insufficiency 20–30 μg/L), but a new assay acquired in recent years, allowed our centre to monitor total vitamin D levels, which provides a more accurate measurement of vitamin D stores in the body (deficiency defined as <12 μg/L, insufficiency 12–19 μg/L). BMD is measured using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria, T score is defined normal if ≥−1.0, osteopenia

if between −1.0 and −2.5 and osteoporosis if ≤−2.5. Vitamin D and BMD status of each patient were 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 recorded and the data analysed using the Fisher’s Exact and Chi-Square test. Results: Of the 90 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 54 patients with CD, only 47 UC (52%) and 34 CD (63%) patients had vitamin D levels measured. This adds up to a total of 81 IBD patients and 64 had low vitamin D levels (44 deficiency, 20 insufficiency). Of these, 55 were Chinese, 18 Indians and 8 Malays. Of the 47 UC patients, 39 (83%) had low vitamin D levels (26 deficiency, 13 insufficiency); of the 34 CD patients, 25 (73.5%) had low vitamin D levels (18 deficiency, 7 insufficiency). There was no difference in the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among UC and CD patients (p = 0.41). Among Chinese patients with IBD, 39 (71%) had low vitamin D levels (29 deficiency, 10 insufficiency) compared to 17 (94%, 11 deficiency, 6 insufficiency) Indian and 8 (100%, 4 deficiency, 4 insufficiency) Malay IBD patients respectively (p = 0.03).