“
“To investigate the effect of Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) on estradiol (E-2) and selleck chemicals estradiol receptor (ER) in serum and brain in ovariectomized rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Adult female rats were ovariectomized and focal cerebral ischemic was induced by MCAO. Rats were randomly divided into normal, ovariectomy (OVX), MCAO, OVX+MCAO, OVX+MCAO+E-2, and OVX+MCAO+BYHWD group. Rats were administered BYHWD 5 g/kg daily, estradiol valerate 500 mu g/kg per day or distilled water for 7 consecutive days. Neuronal function and infarct volume were measured on day

7 after artery occlusion, and E-2 and ER concentration in serum and brain were checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BYHWD significantly improved the neurological behavior, reduced the infarction volume, increased E-2 concentration

in serum and brain, and increased ER concentration in the brain in ovariectomized rats after MCAO. The neuroprotective effects of BYHWD are associated with estrogen and its receptor.”
“Introduction: Klebsiella pneumonia (KP) is related to a metastatic phenomenon from the originally affected primary organ. About 28% of patients with pyogenic Selleckchem Barasertib liver abscess arising from KP suffer from metastatic complications. This study was done to define the clinical features of KP-induced prostate abscess. Methods: A total of 14 patients were diagnosed with prostate abscess based on clinical, laboratory examination and abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) scan from 2007 to 2013. Results: Among these 14 patients, KP was the dominant causative microorganism in 6 patients SNX-5422 inhibitor (42.9%), followed by Esherchia coli in 2, Pseudomonas aeroginosa in 1, methicillin-resistant Staphyolcoccus aureus in 1, and no growth in either the urine or blood culture in 4. Four (66.7%) of the 6 KP induced-prostate abscess had other concurrent abscess sites besides the prostate: liver in 3, kidney in 1, and perianal area with endogenous endophthalmitis that ended in loss of vision in 1 patient. Conclusions: We report on the clinical features of KP-induced prostate abscess based on a small number of patients, which is the main limitation

of our study. We believe that if the causative organism of a prostate abscess was KP, more workup would be needed to rule out the presence of an abscess in other organs, especially in the liver. Abdominopelvic CT scan would be a proper imaging modality.”
“Several studies have indicated a strong association between asthma and aspiration of stomach contents. However, the complex association between these inflammatory processes has not been studied extensively in animal models. In the present study, we developed an animal model to evaluate the inflammatory cell, chemokine, and airway responses to asthma complicated by aspiration. The model was produced by sensitizing mice to cockroach allergens from house-dust extracts.

Results showed that trafficking of positively charged PNPs was 20-40 Galardin times that of negatively charged PNPs across both RAECMs and ALBF, whereas translocation of PNPs across RAECMs was 2-3 times faster than that across ALBF. Trafficking rates of PNPs across RAECMs did not change in the presence of EGTA (which decreased

transepithelial electrical resistance to zero) or inhibitors of endocytosis. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed no intracellular colocalization of PNPs with early endosome antigen-1, caveolin-1, clathrin heavy chain, cholera toxin B, or wheat germ agglutinin. Leakage of 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate from alveolar epithelial cells, and sodium ion and mannitol flux across ALBF, were not different in the presence or absence of PNPs. These data indicate that PNPs translocate primarily transcellularly Vorinostat manufacturer across RAECMs, but not via known major endocytic pathways, and suggest that such translocation may take place by diffusion of PNPs through the lipid bilayer of cell plasma membranes.”
“Aims:\n\nThe adhesion to an inert surface (the first step of biofilm formation) of the two main pathogenic Campylobacter species,

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, isolated from diverse origins, was compared.\n\nMethods and Results:\n\nAdhesion assays were conducted in 96-well, polystyrene microtiter plates using the BioFilm Ring Test (R) method. This new technique, based on magnetic bead entrapment, was shown to be suitable for analysing the adhesion of Campylobacter sp. strains by comparing the adhesion of four C. jejuni strains as revealed by the BioFilm Ring Test (R) and immunodetection. Among the 46 strains tested, C. jejuni and C. coli displayed different adhesion capabilities ranging from no adhesion to strong adhesion. However, no strain of C. coli was strongly adherent, and statistically, C. coli adhered less to an inert surface than C. jejuni. In addition, strains isolated from animals or carcasses were less adherent than those isolated from food-processing LY2606368 manufacturer and clinical cases.\n\nConclusions:\n\nThese observations suggest that the food

environment and the human body could have selected strains with greater adhesion.\n\nSignificance and Impact of the Study:\n\nThe adhesion capability of strains could partly explain the cross-contamination or re-contamination of food products by Campylobacter. This property could provide a mode of survival for Campylobacter in the food chain.”
“The cell adhesion molecule close homologue of L1 (CHL1) is important for apical dendritic projection and laminar positioning of pyramidal neurons in caudal regions of the cerebral cortex. The p21-activated kinase (PAK1-3) subfamily of serine/threonine kinases has also been implicated in regulating cell adhesion, migration, and morphology. Immunofluorescence staining in mouse embryonic brain showed that PAK1-3 was expressed in embryonic cortex and colocalized with CHL1 during neuronal migration and differentiation.

Review of Lytro photographs of eyes with clinically diagnosed anterior segment abnormality correctly identified 133 of 206 (65%) of all abnormalities. Additionally, 185 abnormalities in 50 children were documented at examination under anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS The Lytro camera was able to document most abnormal anterior segment findings in un-sedated young children. Its unique ability to allow focus change after image capture is a significant improvement on prior technology.”
“Metadherin (MTDH) overexpression in diverse cancer types has been linked to poor clinical outcomes, but definitive genetic proof of its contributions to cancer remains incomplete. In particular,

the Smad inhibitor degree to which MTDH may contribute

to malignant progression in vivo is lacking. Here, we report that MTDH is amplified frequently in human prostate cancers where its expression levels are tightly correlated with C59 research buy prostate cancer progression and poor disease-free survival. Furthermore, we show that genetic ablation of MTDH in the transgenic adenomcarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer blocks malignant progression without causing defects in the normal development of the prostate. Germline deletion of Mtdh in TRAMP mice prolonged tumor latency, reduced tumor burden, arrested progression of prostate cancer at well-differentiated stages, and inhibited systemic metastasis to distant organs, thereby decreasing cancer-related mortality similar to 10-fold. Consistent with these findings, direct silencing of Mtdh in prostate cancer cells decreased proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo, supporting an epithelial cell-intrinsic role of MTDH in prostate cancer. Together, our findings establish a pivotal role for MTDH in prostate cancer progression and metastasis and define MTDH as a therapeutic

target in this setting. (C)2014 AACR.”
“The pK(a) values of internal ionizable groups are usually very different from the normal pK(a) values of ionizable groups in water. To examine the molecular determinants of pK(a) values of internal LY294002 mouse groups, we compared the properties of Lys, Asp, and Glu at internal position 38 in staphylococcal nuclease. Lys38 titrates with a normal or elevated pK(a), whereas Asp38 and Glu38 titrate with elevated pK(a) values of 7.0 and 7.2, respectively. In the structure of the L38K variant, the buried amino group of the Lys38 side chain makes an ion pair with Glu122, whereas in the structure of the L38E variant, the buried carboxyl group of Glu38 interacts with two backbone amides and has several nearby carboxyl oxygen atoms. Previously, we showed that the pK(a) of Lys38 is normal owing to structural reorganization and water penetration concomitant with ionization of the Lys side chain.

We conclude that the short-term retention of information can be supported by the temporary reactivation

of LTM representations.”
“The in vivo apoplastic fluid secretome of rice-blast fungus interaction remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we report a proteomics investigation of in vivo secreted proteins of rice leaves infected with incompatible (KJ401) and compatible (KJ301) races of Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) using 2-DGE and MudPIT coupled with MALDI-TOF-MS and/or nESI-LC-MS/MS analyses. Prepared fractions of secretory proteins were essentially free from cytoplasmic contamination. Two-DGE and MudPIT identified 732 secretory proteins, see more where 291 (40%) and 441 (60%) proteins were derived from rice and M. oryzae, respectively. Of these, 39.2% (rice) and 38.9% (M. oryzae) of proteins were predicted by SignalP as retaining signal peptides. Among these, rice secreted more proteins related to stress response, ROS and energy metabolism, whereas, M. oryzae secreted more proteins involved in metabolism and cell

wall hydrolyses. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed their differential expression under compatible/incompatible interactions. In vivo expression of M. oryzae glycosyl hydrolase (GH) protein PD0325901 nmr family members using particle bombardment driven transient expression system showed that four GH genes could act as effectors within host apoplast possibly via interaction with host membrane bound receptor. The established in vivo secretome serves as a valuable resource toward secretome analysis of rice-M. oryzae interaction. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Urolithiasis is a common multifactorial urological disorder Combretastatin A4 research buy that is characterized by stone formation. Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are pro-inflammatory cytokines that might be linked with urolithiasis. The single nucleotide polymorphisms within the IL-1 and IL-6 cytokine genes altered the cytokine expression levels. Our aim was to investigate the potential of IL-1 beta (-511 C>T), IL-6 (-174 G>C,

572 G>C, 597 G>A) and IL-1 RN VNTR gene polymorphisms to be a genetic marker for urinary stone disease. The polymorphisms studied in the promoter regions of IL-1 beta and IL-6 genes did not reveal a strong association with urolithiasis when compared to the control group (p = 0.293, 0.871, 0.921, 0.536, respectively). However, a significant difference was observed between control and patient groups for IL-1 RN VNTR gene polymorphism (chi(2) = 6.131, d.f. = 2, p = 0.047). Our data provide evidence that IL-1RN VNTR gene polymorphism may be involved in the pathogenesis of urinary stone formation, contributing to genetic susceptibility for urolithiasis. (C) 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory skin disease featuring inflammatory nodules, fistulas and discharge of secretions in the intertriginous regions. Without therapy the disease is chronic and progressive.

By conducting 54 interviews with physicians and midwives, and six focus groups, we were able to calculate the time required to perform necessary health care tasks. We also interviewed 10 new mothers to cross-check these estimates at a global level and get assessments of quality of care.\n\nFindings For 18 service centres of Ganjam District, we found 357 health workers in our six cadre categories, to serve a population of 1.02 million. Total demand for the MCH services guaranteed Wnt pathway under India’s NRHM outpaced supply for every category of health worker but one. To properly

serve the study population, the health workforce supply should be enhanced by 43 additional physicians, 15 nurses and 80 nurse midwives. Those numbers probably under-estimate the need, as they assume away geographic barriers.\n\nConclusions Our study established time standards in minutes for each MCH activity promised by the NRHM, which could be applied elsewhere in India by government planners and civil Citarinostat Epigenetics inhibitor society advocates. Our calculations indicate significant numbers of new health workers are required to deliver the services promised

by the NRHM.”
“Background: Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Preliminary evidence suggests that community-based exercise (CBE) improves functional capacity (FC) and health-related quality of life (HRQL). Objective: To describe the structure and delivery of CBE programs for chronic disease populations and compare their impact on FC and HRQL to standard care. Research Design: Randomized trials examining CBE

programs for individuals with stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoarthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease selleck chemicals were identified. Quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Meta-analyses were conducted using Review Manager 5.1. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42012002786). Results: Sixteen studies (2198 individuals, mean age 66.8 +/- 4.9 y) were included to describe program structures, which were comparable in their design and components, irrespective of the chronic disease. Aerobic exercise and resistance training were the primary interventions in 85% of studies. Nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. The weighted mean difference for FC, evaluated using the 6-minute walk test, was 41.7 m (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.5-62.8). The standardized mean difference for all FC measures was 0.18 (95% CI, 0.05-0.3). The standardized mean difference for the physical component of HRQL measures was 0.21 (95% CI, 0.05-0.4) and 0.38 (95% CI, 0.04-0.7) for the total score. Conclusions: CBE programs across chronic disease populations have similar structures.

73 m(2) and reverted to a feedback correlation below 80 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Conclusion: The perturbation of mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease results in the maintenance of a normal range of [Ca](s) and [P](s) acting as the controlled factors Epigenetic signaling pathway inhibitors at the cost of large variations of i[PTH](s), and calcium and phosphate urinary excretions behaving as controlling factors. Copyright

c 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair in octogenarians during a time period of multiple commercially available endografts, in which only proximal aneurysms or the most challenging anatomy are not stented.\n\nMethods: A retrospective review was performed of all patients selleck inhibitor aged >= 80 years undergoing open AAA repair over a 7-year period (2003-2009) at a single academic medical center. Demographic data, aneurysm characteristics, comorbidities, operative results, perioperative complications, length of stay, and late outcomes were analyzed.\n\nResults: Sixty-five patients were identified (men, n = 27) with a median age of 82 years (80-89 years old). Mean aneurysm size was 6.7 cm. Morphology consisted of type IV thoracoabdominal (n = 19), suprarenal (n = 14), pararenal (n = 19), and infrarenal (n =

13). Eighty-five percent of cases were performed electively. A tube graft was used in 58 patients, and the left renal SN-38 in vitro artery was bypassed in 33 patients. Fifty-two patients required a suprarenal or supraceliac clamp, with a mean proximal clamp time of 22 minutes. Mean estimated blood loss was 1800 mL. Mortality was 6% at 30 days.

Overall morbidity was 42%, most commonly an arrhythmia (25%). Major complication rate was 18%. Median intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay was 3 and 9 days, respectively. Sixty-one percent of patients were discharged directly home. Six patients developed acute renal failure, although none progressed to dialysis. Mean serum creatinine was 1.3 mg/dL preoperatively and 1.5 mg/dL at discharge. One patient developed bowel necrosis (sigmoid colon) requiring resection. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 81 months (mean, 24 months). Three-year survival was 79%.\n\nConclusion: With an increasing population of elderly patients, vascular surgeons are continually confronted with patients over 80 years of age. Our patients consisted of those not anatomically suitable for endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Despite a predominance of proximal aneurysms, our results demonstrate excellent rates of morbidity and mortality. Thus, open AAA repair can be done safely and effectively in octogenarians, and age alone should not exclude this form of repair. ( J Vasc Surg 2011;53:278-84.)”
“The present study describes some of the applications of ultrasound in bone surgery, based on the presentation of two clinical cases.\n\nThe Piezosurgery (R) ultrasound device was used (Tecnologia Mectron Medical, Carasco, Italy).

We determined that the arrest of maturation of ILT4-positive DCs by HLA-G ligands involves the IL-6 signaling pathway and STAT3 activation. Ligation of ILT4 with HLA-G on DCs results in recruitment of SHIP-1 and SHP-2 protein tyrosine phosphatases. We propose a model where SHP-2 and the IL-6-STAT3 signaling pathway play critical roles in the modulation of DC differentiation by ILT4 and HLA-G.”
“Objective: IL-22 is elevated EPZ5676 molecular weight in patients with inflammatory arthritis and correlates with disease activity. IL-22 deficient mice have reduced incidence of arthritis. Recombinant IL-22 restrains progression of arthritis via increase in IL-10 responses when administered prior to onset of arthritis. These findings

imply a possible dual role of IL-22 in inflammatory arthritis depending on the phase of arthritis. Experiments outlined here were designed to elucidate the contribution of endogenous IL-22 before and after the onset of arthritis.\n\nMethods: Collagen induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in DBA1 or IFN-gamma deficient mice following immunization with collagen and complete Freund’s adjuvant.

Anti-IL-22 Selleck C59 antibody or isotype control were administered prior to or after onset of arthritis and disease progression assessed by clinical scoring and histopathology. IL-22, IL-17 and IFN-gamma responses were measured by ELISA and flowcytometry. Anti-collagen antibody responses were analyzed by ELISA. Expression of IL-22R1 in CD4+ cells was elucidated by flowcytometry

and real time PCR.\n\nResults: Collagen specific IL-22 responses were expanded during arthritis and IL-22 producing cells were discrete from IL-17 or IFN-gamma producing cells. Neutralization of IL-22 after onset of arthritis resulted in significant increase in Th1 responses and significantly reduced severity of arthritis. CD4+ cells from arthritic mice showed increased surface expression of IL-22R1. In vitro, CD4+ T cells cultured with antigen presenting cells in the presence or absence of IL-22 suppressed or induced IFN-gamma, see more respectively. The protective effect of anti-IL-22 was reversed in IFN-gamma deficient mice. Moreover, administration of anti-IL-22 prior to onset of arthritis augmented arthritis severity.\n\nConclusion: We show for the first time that IL-22 plays a dual role: protective prior to the onset of arthritis and pathogenic after onset of arthritis. The pathogenic effect of IL-22 is dependent on suppression of IFN-gamma responses. IL-17 responses remained unchanged with the administration of anti-IL22 antibody. IL-22R1 is upregulated on CD4+ T cells during arthritis and regulates IFN-gamma in T cells.”
“The pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) initiate immediate responses against infection and tissue damage to protect the host from microbial invasion. In response to mucosal damage, intestinal PRR signaling initiates damage repair processes.

A single obstetrician performed all the scans, and another obstetrician analyzed the acquired 2D images and 3D volumes, blinded to clinical assessments and labor outcome. Intraobserver repeatability and intermethod agreement between 2D and 3D methods were analyzed.\n\nResults The repeatability coefficient was +/- 4.1 mm in 2D acquisitions and +/- 1.7 mm in 3D acquisitions of fetal head-perineum distance. The intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICC) were 0.94 for 2D and 0.99 for 3D measurements. The angle of progression repeatability coefficients were +/- 6.7. using 2D and +/- 5.7. Epigenetics inhibitor using 3D ultrasound and ICCs were 0.91 and 0.94, respectively. The intermethod ICC for

fetal head-perineum distance in 2D vs 3D acquisitions was 0.95 and for angle of progression it was 0.93; the intermethod 95% limits of agreement were -5.8 mm to + 7.2 mm and -8.9. to + 13.7., respectively. Cohen’s

kappa for 2D vs 3D acquisitions BMN 673 price was 0.85 using 40 mm as a cut-off level for fetal head-perineum distance and 0.79 using 110. as cut-off level for angle of progression.\n\nConclusions For one ultrasound operator the intraobserver repeatability and agreement between 2D and 3D ultrasound methods in prolonged first stage of labor were good. Given that 2D methods are simpler to learn and can be analyzed quickly online, 2D equipment might therefore be preferred in the labor room. Copyright (C) 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of augmentative visual feedback training on auditory motor performance. Thirty-two healthy young participants used

facial surface electromyography (sEMG) to control a human machine interface (HMI) for which the output was vowel synthesis. An auditory-only (AO) group (n = 16) trained with auditory feedback alone and an auditory visual (AV) group (n = 16) trained with auditory feedback and progressively-removed ARN-509 visual feedback. Subjects participated in three training sessions and one testing session over 3 days. During the testing session they were given novel targets to test auditory motor generalization. We hypothesized that the auditory visual group would perform better on the novel set of targets than the group that trained with auditory feedback only. Analysis of variance on the percentage of total targets reached indicated a significant interaction between group and session: individuals in the AV group performed significantly better than those in the AO group during early training sessions (while using visual feedback), but no difference was seen between the two groups during later sessions. Results suggest that augmentative visual feedback during training does not improve auditory motor performance. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The SH2-containing inositol 5′-phosphatase, SHIP1, negatively regulates signal transduction from the B cell antigen receptor (BCR).

“
“Background: Negative affect is an important predictor of smoking behavior, and many smokers believe

that smoking reduces negative affect. However, it is unclear whether such beliefs, known as negative reinforcement smoking outcome expectancies (NRSOE), are associated with changes in negative affect in response to nicotine deprivation and administration.\n\nMethods: Smokers (N = 114) participated in 4 sessions that balanced overnight smoking deprivation (12-h deprived vs. ad lib) and nasal spray administration (nicotine vs. placebo). Corrugator supercilii (CUR) EMG, skin conductance (SCR), and in-session ratings were collected while the participants viewed affective, cigarette-related, and neutral slides. Retrospective questionnaire data were collected prior to slide viewing. NRSOE were

3-Methyladenine mw determined using the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire – Adult Nicotine Affect Reduction scale (SCQ-NAR).\n\nResults: High scores on the SCQ-NAR were associated S3I-201 with smaller COR EMG to unpleasant slides following nicotine nasal spray administration compared to placebo spray, regardless of overnight deprivation. Smokers who had high scores on the SCQ-NAR had smaller SCR, following nicotine nasal spray administration compared to placebo spray, but only after overnight deprivation. The in-session ratings and retrospective questionnaire measures indicated that

smokers who had high scores on the SCQ-NAR experienced greater negative affect and craving, and less positive affect, than smokers with low scores on the SCQ-NAR, regardless of nicotine exposure.\n\nConclusions: Our questionnaire results suggest that while smokers who have high NRSOE self-report greater overall levels of negative affect and craving, while the psychophysiological data suggest that such smokers may experience negative affect reduction when blindly administered a dose of nicotine. (C) Entinostat 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Plasma exchange is a therapeutic procedure used to treat a variety of diseases through the bulk removal of plasma. To apply this treatment to patients appropriately, it is essential to understand the methods to remove plasma, its effects on normal plasma constituents, the role of replacement fluids in the treatment, and the risks associated with the procedure. To facilitate the appropriate evidence-based use of plasma exchange and to encourage research, the American Society for Apheresis has published guidelines providing practical guidance and information to those responsible for ordering or providing this treatment.”
“Objective: To assess the effectiveness of substance abuse interventions for their ability to reduce adolescent alcohol use.

This hypomethylation was associated with elevated protein expression of key proteins/enzymes that augment methylation, for example, dnmt3b, hdac1, hdac2, and mbd2 in the knockout mice; in addition, BRBs decreased the protein expression of these proteins/enzymes. The knockout mouse model recapitulates what occurs in human ulcerative colitis. Promoter methylation of CDH1 and SFRP1 was significantly higher in human ulcerative colitis tissues compared with their adjacent normal tissues. In

conclusion, our results suggest that BRBs inhibit colonic ulceration and, ultimately, colon cancer GSK1838705A datasheet partly through inhibiting aberrant epigenetic events that dysregulate Wnt signaling. (C) 2013 AACR.”
“Study Objective: To compare the femoral nerve block with the fascia iliaca block for postoperative analgesia in adolescents undergoing reconstructive knee surgery.\n\nDesign: Randomized, single-blinded study.\n\nSetting: Full-service pediatric medical center.\n\nPatients: 23 ASA physical status I and II patients, aged 8 to 16 years, undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair.\n\nInterventions: Patients received either fascia iliaca or femoral nerve block prior to reconstructive surgery.\n\nMeasurements: Pain scores by visual analog scale (VAS; 0-10) and morphine Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor use were routinely recorded through to

discharge from the hospital. Pain scores were assessed on days 1 and 2 at home post-discharge. Main results: There was no difference between the femoral nerve block and the fascia iliaca nerve block in VAS pain scores or postoperative morphine consumption.\n\nConclusion: Either the femoral nerve block or the fascia iliaca block, followed by patient-controlled analgesia with morphine, provides efficacious analgesia for adolescents undergoing ACL reconstruction.

(C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Central corneal thickness (CCT) can be a promising source of glaucoma monitoring and diagnosis. This study evaluated Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor changes in CCT according to experimental adjustment of intraocular pressure (IOP) in canine eyes. To adjust and measure IOP, each eye was cannulated with two 26-gauge needles under inhalant anesthesia. One needle was connected to a pressure transducer, and the other was connected to an adjustable bag of physiologic saline. TOP was stepwise increased from 10 mmHg to 70 mmHg in 10 mmHg increments (Group T). IOP was maintained at 15 mmHg (Group C15), 30 mmHg (Group C30), 45 mmHg (Group C45), 60 mmHg (Group C60) and 75 mmHg (Group C75) during the experiment. CCT was measured with an ultrasonic pachymeter every 10 min after cannulation. There was a significant difference in the effect of time on CCT (P<0.001) and difference in CCT (dCCT; P<0.001) between groups. The CCT of group C15 remained constant during the experiment. However, group T showed an initial decrease and then an increase after passing the lowest point. Group C30 showed decreasing values for 30 min, after which the values remained constant.