Furthermore, our analyses were conducted differently. The advantages of the simulative setup are high temporal and spatial resolution, combined with noninvasiveness and good reproducibility.[24] A non-Newtonian fluid as a perfusion fluid was used, due to its evident influence on flow characteristics.[19, 26] The influence of non-Newtonian fluids is often neglected in numerical simulations,[41, 42] as seen in the study

of Sen et al.[21] Boeckx et al. studied different types of end-to-side techniques in a carotid rat model, including the “tear drop” technique.[28] They described a significant increase of anastomosing, clamping and haemostasis time in more complicated types of end-to-side techniques. Their work has some disadvantages. The most https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nutlin-3a.html critical time after anastomosis are the first 45 min,[1] but thrombosis still occurs relatively frequently in the first 2–3 postoperative days,[43, 44] therefore the time of observation should have been longer. Second, only technical aspects were of interest and rheological considerations were neglected. Since the transferred tissue is stable for a long ischemic time interval, time should not play the primary role.[45, 46] Technical adequacy in microsurgical anastomosis should receive priority. Another difference between both experimental models became evident in the analysis of the measurement planes 1 and 2 mm distal to

the end-to-side anastomosis by analyzing the visualized perpendicular velocity components of the Ibrutinib mw main vessel from an axial view. The post-bifurcation area is known for its complex flow pattern; consisting of flow separation, reverse flow, reattachment, and stagnation points.[26, 47] A similar flow pattern was seen in the OES-model. The calculated velocity vectors in the conventional

technique model showed tendencies of evident secondary flow, in terms Silibinin of median disruption of the perpendicular flow. Disturbed flow is associated with intimal hyperplasia and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, due to endothelial cell activation.[48] The less disturbed flow pattern in the OES-technique model is probably due to a smoother junction of the anastomosed vessels, as seen in physiologic bifurcations. The OES-technique combines the technically easier arteriotomy[14] with a sophisticated preparation of the branching vessel end. Better visualization of the anastomosis site facilitates suture placement and reduces technical errors. Furthermore flow into the branching vessel is at least equal and associated with less turbulent flow distal to the anastomosis (represented by perpendicular velocity components distal to the reference point). This combination might subsequently reduce or prevent thrombosis formation, endothelial proliferation, and generation of atheroma might be reduced or prevented. These findings and hypothesis have to be proven in further in vivo experimental studies.