Trd1 contains 108 genes, for 40 of them NOD and B6 coding sequences are available. In silico comparison of NOD and B6 coding regions showed nonsynonymous mutations in four genes: Pacsin1, Def6, 4930539E08Rik, and RAB44; and synonymous mutations in six other genes: Trametinib molecular weight MAPK14, Brpf3, Pnpla1, Stk38, Cdk1, and Cpne5 (Supporting Information Table 1). In this report we identify a locus of <7 Mbp that quantitatively controls Treg-cell development. This region, which we named Trd1, is located on chromosome 17 centromeric

to the H2-locus and is sufficient for the paradoxically and substantially increased number of Treg cells in the NOD thymus as compared with that in the B6 thymus. Importantly, whereas Trd1 and the diabetes-susceptibility locus Idd16 overlap, distinct genetic controls are involved, which strongly suggests that the increased Treg-cell development in NOD mice is functionally dissociated from their susceptibility to diabetes. Two other quantitative trait loci (QTL) implicated in the increased Treg-cell differentiation in NOD mice have previously been described, one on chromosome 1 and the other on chromosome 11 [11]. These QTL, responsible for less than 30% of the variance, were identified using (NODxB6-H2g7)F2 MAPK Inhibitor Library ic50 progeny. The locus we mapped

on chromosome 17, Trd1, is closely linked to H2 and distinct from the loci identified by Feuerer et al. [11]. Trd1 fully explains the difference between NOD and B6 or B10 mice. The discrepancy between both studies may be explained by the phenotype analyzed, generation of Treg cells through fetal organ culture in the paper by Feuerer et al. [11], and underscores the complexity of the trait studied. Trd1 does not contain the genes encoding Avelestat (AZD9668) antigen-presenting MHC class (I and) II molecules that are located telomeric to the Trd1 region. It therefore appears that these molecules are not involved in the quantitative difference of Foxp3+ CD4SP Treg-cell development in NOD vs. B6 mice. Also in different strain combinations

we previously showed that Treg-cell development is controlled by MHC-linked genes distinct from the classical MHC class II genes [14]. It has previously been hypothesized that NOD DP thymocytes have a lower activation threshold than B6 DP cells, resulting in a more efficient induction of the MAPK pathway and in an increased positive selection of developing T cells [19]. Of interest, several genes encoding molecules implicated in TCR signal transduction are found in Trd1, such as Ubash3a, Mapk14, Def6, and Stk38. Fine-tuning of the TCR signaling cascade may therefore be affected by a differential regulation of one of these components, resulting in a greater sensitivity to positive selection of NOD vs. B6 and R115 thymocytes thus potentially explaining the higher generation of Treg cells observed in the NOD strain of mice. Alternatively, lineage commitment of Treg cells may be altered in NOD mice.