The surface morphologies of the CIS absorber click here layers under different annealing time are shown in Figure 7, which indicates that the annealing time has a significant effect on the CIS absorber layers’ surface morphologies. As Figure 7 shows, annealing at 55°C, all CIS thin films had a densified structure. Those results prove that 550°C is high enough to improve the densification and grain growth of the CIS absorber layers, and a roughness surface is obtained. When the annealing time was

increased from 5 to 30 min, the roughness and grain sizes were apparently increased and only nano-scale grains were observed. The increase in the grain sizes is caused by the increase in the crystallization of AR-13324 in vitro the CIS absorber layers, MNK inhibitor the decrease in the FWHM values proves this result. Figure 7 Surface morphologies of the CIS absorber layers as a function of annealing time

(a) 5, (b) 10, (c) 20, and (d) 30 min, respectively. Figure 8 shows variations in the electrical properties of the CIS absorber layers annealed at 550°C as a function of annealing time. When the CIS absorber layers are deposited on a glass substrate by SCM and annealing process, many defects result and inhibit electron movement. As the various annealing time is used, two factors are believed to cause an increase in the carrier mobility of the CIS absorber layers. First, the longer annealing time enhances the densification and crystallization, which will decrease the numbers of defects and pores in the CIS absorber layers Adenylyl cyclase and will cause the decrease in the inhibiting of the barriers electron transportation [17]. Second, as the annealing time is too long, the secondary phase of the CIS absorber layers will appear because of the vaporization of Se. In this study, the carrier concentration increased with increasing annealing time and reached a maximum of 1.01 × 1022 cm–3 at 30 min. Thus, the mobility decreased with increasing annealing time and reached a minimum of 1.01 cm2/V-s at 30 min. The resistivity of the CIS absorber layers is proportional to the reciprocal of the product of carrier concentration N and mobility

μ: (2) Figure 8 Resistivity ( ρ ), hall mobility ( μ ), and carrier concentration ( n ) of the CIS absorber layers, annealed at 550°C. Both the carrier concentration and the carrier mobility contribute to the conductivity. The resistivity of the all CIS absorber layers were in the region of 3.17 to 6.42 × 10−4 Ω-cm and the minimum resistivity of 2.17 × 10−4 Ω-cm appeared at the 20 min-annealed CIS films. Conclusions After finding the optimum grinding time, the CIGS powder had the average particle sizes approximately 20 to 50 nm. As the grinding time was 1, 2, 3, and 4 h, the FWHM values of the (112) peak were 0.37°, 0.37°, 0.38°, 0.38°, and 0.38° for CIS without KD1 addition and the FWHM values of the (112) peak were 0.38°, 0.43°, 0.47°, and 0.