Resistance training combined with a AZD5363 positive energy balance promotes muscle mass accretion synergistically [5]. Adequate

protein intake is essential to optimize the rate of muscle protein synthesis sufficiently to attaining a positive net muscle protein balance [6]. It has been suggested that the consumption of 1.2-1.7 g protein/kg body weight (BW)/day or 25-30% of total calorie intake is recommended for bodybuilders to maintain muscle mass [7–9], yet a recent study of the bodybuilders showed learn more intakes of protein of 34% of total calories [10]. If dietary protein and overall calorie intake are inadequate, body proteins will be broken down to meet the body’s energy needs. On the contrary, overwhelming protein consumption significantly increases nitrogen and net acid excretion to maintain acid-base homeostasis and any failure of this mechanism can lead to Vistusertib in vitro metabolic acidosis [11–14]. Metabolic acidosis also promotes urinary calcium and phosphate excretion to counteract an increase in the circulating acid load produced by the catabolism of protein [15, 16]. Metabolism of protein in the body is known to differ between exercising participants and non-exercising participants [17, 18]. However, limited athlete-specific research on the effects of excessive

dietary protein on metabolic homeostasis exists, even in groups of resistance exercisers. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of high protein consumption on metabolic response in Korean elite bodybuilders

participating in high-intensity resistance exercise training. Participants and methods Participants Eight Korean elite bodybuilders, who were defined by individuals who trained for competitions for over two years and had also won various national bodybuilding championships, were recruited. They were in the non-competition phase of training and exercised more than four times a week for over one and a half hours a day during this period of time. Exclusion criteria included those who took anabolic steroids or other drugs that can affect the metabolic Doxacurium chloride acid-base balance. Participants with acute infectious disease, liver disease, kidney disease, or cardiovascular disease were also excluded. Nutritional status To determine dietary intake, three-day food records were used to assess the amount of ingested foods and number of daily meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks). Athletes also recorded all of the supplements they were taking. Before starting, the participants were trained on how to record the total foods consumed in a daily record using common household measures by a skilled dietician. They were also instructed how to measure their portions using the utensils. The same dietician analyzed all food records by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis program version 3.0 (The Korean Nutrition Society, Korea). Anthropometric evaluation Body weight (kg), fat mass (kg, %), and lean body mass (kg) were determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (Inbody 3.