For the first time we have detected an increase in blood lactate production by quercetin, although more research is needed on this topic. No effects on exercise performance were found but this will need to be verified by further studies examining LY294002 molecular weight muscle physiology. Limitations and strengths The present study has several limitations that must be mentioned. First, the

present physiological results obtained in rats must be confirmed in human subjects after long-term quercetin ingestion, since our results cannot be extrapolated to the potential effects over months in trained human subjects. Also, there is a lack of evidence regarding how much quercetin must be supplemented for it to exert Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor its ergogenic effects, although Crenigacestat price 25 mg/kg is thought to be a good start. In addition, the six-week protocol applied may be insufficient to observe any ergogenic effect, and in fact there are some parameters that started exhibiting a trend and might be significant after 8-13 weeks of treatment. Finally, the lower statistical power observed in most of our results suggests to be cautious in interpreting them, future research with larger samples are needed to draw definitive conclusions. On the other hand, this is the first research that has analyzed the effect of quercetin on both

sedentary and trained rats, hopefully paving the road for studies intended to find out if quercetin supplementation can enhance performance in trained athletes. Acknowledgements We are grateful to all the members who has collaborated developing the present study, especially people helping

in the field-work and all Department of Physiology. Also the authors gratefully acknowledge Milagros Galisteo for their advices. References 1. Middleton Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase E, Kandaswami C, Theoharides TC: The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2000, 52:673–751.PubMed 2. Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémesy C, Jimenez L: Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79:727–747.PubMed 3. Hardwood M, Danielewska-Nikiel B, Borzelleca JF, Flamm GW, Lines TC: A critical review of the data related to the safety of quercetin and lack of evidence of in vivo toxicity, including lack of genotoxic/carcinogenic propierties. Food Chem Toxicol 2007, 45:2179–2205.CrossRef 4. De Boer VC, Dihal AA, van der Woude H, Arts IC, Wolffram S, Alink GM, Rietjens IM, Keijer J, Hollman PC: Tissue distribution of quercetin in rats and pigs. J Nutr 2005, 135:1718–1725.PubMed 5. Azuma K, Ippoushi K, Terao J: Evaluation of tolerable levels of dietary quercetin for exerting its antioxidative effect in high cholesterol-fed rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010, 48:1117–1122.PubMedCrossRef 6. Davis JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Davis B: Quercetin increases brain and muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and exercise tolerance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009, 296:R1071-R1077.PubMedCrossRef 7.