canis and S. urinalis. Sequence selleck chemical identities for S. agalactiae (A909) and S. porcinus were 63.1% and 64.1% respectively, suggesting older exchanges. To the knowledge of the authors, S. urinalis has only been reported as being isolated from humans [59, 60]. S. canis however, is typically found in animal hosts such as dogs and cats, but there are reports of human infection, usually ulcer or wound infection in patients who own domestic dogs [14–16]. Therefore, it’s possible that S. canis and S. urinalis exchanged the phage within a shared human environment. However, it’s also possible, that since S. urinalis

is rare in humans, that a different, as yet unknown niche, is its principal habitat and that S. canis may be present in that same niche. We also found evidence for a second prophage (~63 CDS) (Prophage 2, Figure 1). Although putative attL/R sites could not be found, the putative attL end was a site-specific recombinase (SCAZ3_03510), typical of the lysogeny module. BLASTn detected the phage in three additional Streptococcus species: S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, S. pyogenes, and S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae. However, global nucleotide alignment revealed

only moderate sequence identity to S. canis: 65.7%, 62.9%, and 58.0% respectively. MAPK Inhibitor Library cell assay Being the last of a generally contiguous sequence of phage genes for S. canis, S. pyogenes, and S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, and typical of the lysis module, a phage holin gene Selleck Alectinib (SCAZ3_03820) was assumed to represent the attR end of the phage. Integrative conjugative element S. canis also contained a contiguous section of 54 CDS (SCAZ3_05800 – SCAZ3_06105) (62,915 bp) (see Additional file 2) that was characteristic of an ICE. The section contained an integrase, three CDS homologous to the conjugative transposon Tn5252 (one of which was relaxase), Type IV secretory pathway genes belonging to the VirB4 family (implicated in conjugation) [61], and was flanked by putative attL/R sites (a 41 bp imperfect direct repeat that differed by 2 bp). However, unlike the ICE reported for numerous other Streptococcus species [62], the

5’ end was not inserted at the 3’ end of a tRNA or ribosomal gene, rather its 3’ end was inserted at the 5’ end of a ribosomal gene (ribosomal biogenesis GTPase). The ICE also possessed numerous additional genes characteristic of a mobile genetic element; for example, excisionase, helicase, abortive infection (Abi) system genes, and a zeta toxin gene characteristic of toxin-anti toxin (TA) systems, as well as a group II intron reverse transcriptase/maturase (SCAZ3_05875). In addition, the ICE contained three CDS that were homologous with virulence factors. Two of these CDS (agglutinin receptors, SCAZ3_05915 and SCAZ3_05930) were homologous with aggregation substance (AS) genes from Enterococcus faecalis plasmids.