Thus, miR-506 was a prime candidate to potentially account for the down-regulation of AE2. The expression analyses of miR-506 by qPCR revealed over 3-fold up-regulation in PBC liver biopsies, compared to normal liver specimens (Fig. 1A). Moreover, in situ hybridization showed that miR-506 overexpression in PBC is mainly located in cholangiocytes of intrahepatic bile ducts (Fig. 1B). No detectable staining was observed in normal tissue specimens, and only very limited miR-506 VX-809 expression was found in PSC samples, suggesting that overexpression of miR-506 is characteristic of PBC. In

fact, miR-506 overexpression could also be recognized in freshly isolated and cultured PBC cholangiocytes, which were confirmed to have decreased AE2 activity, as previously reported.16 Of interest, the cause-effect relationship between miR-506 overexpression

and decreased AE2 activity in PBC cholangiocytes was hereby substantiated by our finding that blockage of LY2109761 cost miR-506 with anti-miR-506 oligonucleotides could partially recover the diminished AE2 expression and activity in PBC cholangiocytes. Experiments of luciferase assay and site-directed mutagenesis in the human cholangiocyte cell line, H69, showed that miR-506 may specifically bind its target site in the AE2 mRNA 3′UTR region and prevent protein translation. Moreover, we extended our studies in this cell line to the functional level and ascertained that down-regulation of AE2 protein expression by miR-506 leads to decreased AE2 anion exchange activity. We also used the model of 3D-cultured H69 cholangiocytes to investigate the effect of miR-506 on the hydrocholeretic function of human cholangiocytes. Under 3D conditions, H69 cholangiocytes formed cystic structures, which accelerated their spontaneous expansion upon secretin stimulation because of an increase in fluid secretion to the cyst lumen (similarly to what it was already reported for 3D-cystic structures derived from rat cholangiocytes).32 Interestingly,

the presence of pre-miR-506 in the culture medium blocked the secretin-stimulated 上海皓元 expansion of H69 cholangiocyte cystic structures. Altogether, our data indicate that overexpression of miR-506 is able to inhibit both AE2 protein expression and AE2-mediated hydrocholeretic function in human cholangiocytes. Under our experimental conditions, miR-506 appears to modulate AE2 through sequestration, rather than degradation, of the AE2 message, because H69 cells transfected with pre-miR-506 showed no decrease in AE2 mRNA levels (data not shown). Concerning the decreased AE2 mRNA expression previously reported in PBC livers,34 it is possible that a chronic up-regulation of miR-506 (versus acute) might result in AE2 mRNA degradation. Moreover, other features different from miR-506 up-regulation (e.g.