These range from procurement of raw materials for the emulsion, selection of the appropriate manufacturing equipment, and procedures for characterization and release of the adjuvant. A technology transfer initiative using a concept similar to the adjuvant hub model is the ‘Enabling Platform’ [7] used by PATH to facilitate the transfer

of rotavirus vaccine technology. In this type of upstream technology transfer, the production of reagents, quality control testing and formulation development (enabling technologies and tools) take place at different sites and serve multiple recipients. A key measurable outcome of the initiative is the increased capacity of the new manufacturers to contribute influenza vaccine to their country and to the developing world in general. This is being assessed by comparing the number selleck screening library of new doses of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine produced at the WHO grantee manufacturing sites against the 2006 baseline production. A survey was conducted in July 2010 among all 11 developing country vaccine manufacturers receiving grants from

WHO. The questionnaire requested data on current seasonal influenza vaccine requirements and target groups in the country, as well as types of vaccine to be produced, including pandemic vaccine, production timeline, current production, maximum capacity, and forecasted capacity by 2015. All manufacturers responded

to the survey, the results LY294002 concentration of which are summarized below. Manufacturers in six countries (55%) reported that seasonal influenza vaccination was currently part of their national immunization programme. Two of the remaining five countries (18%) indicated the intent of their government to introduce influenza vaccination into the national immunization programme in the next five years. Three manufacturers (27%) reported having already produced and distributed seasonal influenza vaccine in their countries. The others indicated that they would commence commercial-scale vaccine production between 2010 and 2012. The total number of influenza vaccine doses produced for the 2010 seasonal epidemic was reported as 12 million, with more than 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase 215 million doses forecasted to be produced annually in 2015 (Table 3). Approximately half of these doses will be the inactivated formulation and the other half will be LAIV. Three manufacturers produced H1N1 pandemic vaccine in 2009 and 2010 for their country’s use, at an aggregate total of 33 million doses as at 31 December 2010. Finally, the survey results indicate that 9 of the 11 manufacturers (82%) will be able to meet the demand for seasonal influenza vaccine in their country by 2015 (two countries do not plan to introduce seasonal influenza in their vaccination programme by this date) (Fig. 1).