These data show that symptom guided followup examinations may provide similar results at lower cost.”
“Background: Inhalational anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis is associated with high mortality primarily due to toxin-mediated injury. Raxibacumab is a human IgG1(lamda) monoclonal Sapanisertib in vivo antibody directed against protective antigen, a component of the anthrax toxin.

Methods: We evaluated the efficacy of raxibacumab as a prophylactic agent and after disease onset in a total of four randomized, placebo-controlled studies conducted in rabbits and monkeys. Animals were exposed to an aerosolized target exposure of B. anthracis spores that

was approximately 100 times (in the prophylactic studies) and 200 times (in the therapeutic-intervention studies) the median lethal dose. In the therapeutic-intervention studies, animals were monitored for the onset of symptoms. Animals with detectable protective antigen in serum, a significant increase in temperature, or both received a single intravenous bolus of placebo or raxibacumab at a dose of either 20 mg per kilogram of body weight

or 40 mg per kilogram. The primary end point was survival at day 14 (in rabbits) or at day 28 (in monkeys). Safety studies were conducted with intravenous raxibacumab (40 mg per kilogram) in 333 healthy human volunteers.

Results: In both rabbits and monkeys, the time to detection of protective antigen correlated with the time to bacteremia (r=0.9, P<0.001). In the SNX-5422 research buy therapeutic-intervention

studies, the survival rate was significantly higher among rabbits that received raxibacumab at a dose of 40 mg per kilogram (44% [8 of 18]) than among rabbits that received placebo (0% [0 of 18]; P=0.003). Raxibacumab treatment also significantly increased survival in monkeys (64% [9 of 14], vs. 0% [0 of 12] with placebo; P<0.001). In human subjects, intravenous raxibacumab www.selleck.co.jp/products/wnt-c59-c59.html at a dose of 40 mg per kilogram had a half-life of 20 to 22 days and provided a maximum concentration of the drug in excess of levels that are protective in animals. Concentrations of raxibacumab provide a surrogate end point that should be predictive of clinical benefit.

Conclusions: A single dose of raxibacumab improved survival in rabbits and monkeys with symptomatic inhalational anthrax. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00639678.)

N Engl J Med 2009;361:135-44.”
“Purpose: We evaluated the long-term outcome of simultaneous transurethral bladder tumor and prostate resection in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder tumor and bladder outlet obstruction.

Materials and Methods: Between April 1997 and April 2006, 213 patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder tumor who had a minimum followup of 24 months were included in the study, including group 1-107 with transurethral resection of bladder tumor only and group 2-106 with transurethral bladder tumor and prostate resection.