Therefore, new efforts are required to improve biochip performance. Nanotechnology may provide new GS-1101 materials and solutions to enhance biochip characteristics.��Biology is not simply writing information; it is doing something about it. A biological system can be exceedingly small. Many of the cells are very tiny, but they are very active�� said Richard Phillip Feynman in his famous lecture on Nanotechnology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959. According to him, nanotechnology should learn from biology. So, the best ��Nanotechnology�� seems to be the ��Nano-Bio-technology��, which also provides new opportunities to improve nano-bio-chips, i.e., new bio-materials fabricated with control at the nano-scale.In this paper, biological and organic structures at the nanometer scale will be considered as building blocks.
Their working advantages in the field of biochips will be demonstrated by considering some examples. 2D, 1D, and 0Dimensional Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries systems made with these building blocks will be conceptually discussed and their experimental investigations will be briefly summarized. Advantages provided by these nano-structures will be evaluated by means of comparisons with bulk materials. Applications to detection in metabolism, cancer markers, and DNA will be used to show enhanced performances due to nano-bio-technology. The biophysics of the related interfaces between sensing surfaces and biological samples will be deeply argued. Successful examples will be used to show increased sensitivity, specificity, and detection capability.
Some new and innovative ideas will Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries be briefly presented about applications of nano-bio-chip in personalized therapies and cell biology.2.?2D Nano-Structures Improving DNA-and Immuno-ChipReferring to the fabrication of nano-structures, a 2D system may be obtained by keeping one of its dimensions in the nano-scale. For Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries example, a surface can be conceptually thought of as a cube with a height equal to zero in the z-dimension. Thus, a 2D nano-structure might be seen as a sheet of material where one dimension is in the nano-scale while the other two are in the micro or millimeter scale. Good Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries examples are molecular mono-and multi-layers built by using Langmuir-Blodgett [13] or Self-Assembly [14] techniques. In the first case, an ordered mono-molecular layer is firstly obtained at the air/water interface and then transferred onto a solid substrate.
By repeating this step, multi-layers may be assembled. A highly ordered structure at the nano-scale may be obtained by intercalating proteins Carfilzomib and amphiphilic molecules (such as fatty acids or alkanethiols) [15]. In the case of self-assembly, a selleckchem molecular layer may be obtained by leaving substrates into molecular solutions over-night, and enabling the molecules to form stable chemical bonds onto the substrate�� surfaces.