The time we had during our project was enough to develop an approach to identify the different issues to be included in a monitoring system (i.e. time, seasonal calendar, people’s availability, necessity of a multi-stakeholder engagement, selection of simple but important

NTFPs). The repetition of assessments and measurements, and data quality control needs regular visits to the monitored villages. In our case, the 2 year-duration of our research was not enough to achieve long-term impacts. It did not allow real testing. We were only able to test the monitoring system for 6 months, which did not cover a full season of NTFP collection. Unpredictable events were among the limitations we identified for full implementation of the monitoring system. We recommend at least two cycles of NTFP harvest (i.e. 2 years), which would allow comparison, to test the approach and learn from the results. Integration into eFT508 molecular weight national policies (here PLUP)

was in progress at the end of the project (Lestrelin et al. 2011, Bourgoin and Castella 2011, Bourgoin et al. 2012), but we lacked time to discuss with decision-makers ways the monitoring could be used to SC79 clinical trial assess the impact of LUP and to scale up. Scaling up The monitoring system developed in Laos has the potential to address multi-stakeholders’ concerns: villagers, including local elites, local authorities at the kumban and district levels, and organizations working on community development and conservation. Integrating these management practices into multi-level and multi-scale governance could support win-win solutions for both the villagers (data to negotiate) and the district authorities (data to deliver to the provincial level). If embedded in existing local governance and applied in key government policies, it could

Fludarabine be used as a tool to empower local communities. This could be achieved by providing them with information on the effects of land management policies on forest resources and livelihoods. The different steps we propose could be applied easily to different situations elsewhere in the country. This could be with different ethnic groups, involving villages at different steps of rural transition, and different scales, from the village level to the village cluster and to the landscape. For the time being, we can only share the potential of this approach and call for more implementation trials before expanding it to different situations and provinces in the country. Acknowledgments The authors thank the www.selleckchem.com/products/LY294002.html Viengkham community for their participation to their activities. They also thank Glen Mulcahy, Douglas Sheil and the anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments and editing, and Mohammad Agus Salim for designing the maps. They acknowledge the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the European Commission for their financial support.