The repetitive sequence also includes representatives of many known repeat families in other nematodes, with approximately 6% of the genome derived from LINEs, 2. 5% from long terminal repeat retrotransposons and http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bortezomib.html 5% from DNA transposons, including TTAA specific, Mariner like and MuDR superfamily elements, together with evidence of elements related to Tc1 and Tc4 of C. elegans. Despite belonging to similar families, H. contortus repeats repre sent independent expansions to those in other clade V nematodes, as repeat libraries from H. contortus show little similarity to genome sequence from other species, and vice versa. Our transcriptomic data suggest that active transposition is occurring, with evidence of expression for 4 out of 26 gene models annotated with transposase domains and 49 out of 482 reverse tran scriptase domain containing proteins.

Expressed pro teins appear Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries to belong to a range of DNA Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries transposon types, and to Gypsy related and LINE retro elements. In C. elegans, around 17% of genes are in operons tightly linked clusters of two to eight genes, which are co transcribed from the same promoter. The resulting polycistronic pre Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries mRNAs are resolved by trans splicing with spliced leader SL1 and SL2 sequences. Most fre quently, SL1 is trans spliced to the first gene in an operon and downstream genes are SL2 trans spliced. The struc ture of around 23% of C. elegans operons is conserved in the H. contortus genome. The structure of a further 10% of C. elegans oper ons appear to be partially conserved, where at least two orthologs are present on the same scaffold in the expected order and orientation, but one or more genes are in a dif ferent order, inverted or absent.

Functional Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries constraints are thought to conserve the intergenic distance in C. elegans operons to approximately 100 bp but genes in H. contortus operons are further apart the average intergenic distance of genes with a conserved operon structure is 992 bp, and the operon encod ing ion channel subunits Hco deg 2H and Hco deg 3H has an intergenic distance of 2,342 bp. Overall, SL1 Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries trans splicing was detected in 6,306 H. contortus genes and SL2 trans splicing was detected in 578 genes. Of these, 318 trans spliced genes were in the putative conserved operons identified above. All 126 first genes in operons were trans spliced to SL1. 119 downstream genes were trans spliced to SL1 and 73 were trans spliced to SL2. If SL2 trans splicing is the definitive criterion in identify ing operons, the relatively considering low level of SL2 trans splicing to downstream genes suggests that either operon func tion is less frequently conserved than operon structure in H. contortus or that undetected, divergent SL2 sequences are present.