The further the mineral mass is located from the centroid, the greater is the bone’s ability to resist bending deformation. This study observed no significant changes

to bone width for any hip region. Hence any cortical bone loss must have occurred at internal surfaces or by increasing intracortical porosity and not at the periosteal surface. Loss of trabecular bone may be due to thinning of trabeculae. If it is assumed that there are no changes in intracortical porosity, results for the femoral shaft provide further evidence for endosteal resorption, as the cortical thickness decreased significantly and endosteal diameter increased, although not significantly. Ibrutinib in vitro These findings are in keeping with the proposal selleck products that the mechanically inefficient endocortical apposition that occurs during puberty in girls, but not in boys, and acts as a reservoir for the calcium required to support future pregnancies and lactations [31]. During the course of the study, the lactating women lost 5% of their body weight. Changes in body weight can influence the interpretation of skeletal changes because body

weight affects DXA measurements of bone mineral status physiologically through the loading effects on the skeleton [32]. Adjusting for weight loss reduced the magnitude of the decreases in most of the HSA variables in lactating women (Table 2). This could be interpreted to indicate that some of the observed changes at the narrow-neck and intertrochanteric region, and all observed HSA changes at the femoral shaft, can be attributed to weight change and not to lactation per se. However, weight change could be acting as a surrogate Rutecarpine for other factors. For example, breast milk volume has been identified as a significant predictor of changes in spine bone mineral [2] and production of large volumes of breast milk is also likely to contribute to maternal weight loss. Further work is required to determine exactly how weight and other factors contribute to the observed HSA changes. This study explored the impact of calcium on the lactation-associated

bone changes. Although there was a very wide range in the calcium intake of the women (637–2280 mg/day), women selected their own diet and the majority of women were consuming about 1200 mg of calcium per day, close to or above the intakes that are currently recommended [33]. No relationship between dietary calcium intake determined from either FFQs or 7-day food diaries and changes in hip structural geometry, including BMDa, were found during lactation. This finding is compatible with the growing evidence from DXA measurements that suggest the skeletal response to lactation is independent of maternal calcium intake in healthy well-nourished adult women [2], [3], [5] and [6]. There are several limitations to this study.