The frequencies of HBc 18-27-specific IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells were quantified by an ELISPOT assay using PBMC after 24-h period of stimulation with HBc 18-27 peptides according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Dakewe Biotech Com., Shenzhen, China). Briefly, the 96-well plate was coated with 5 μg/ml mouse anti-human IFN-γ monoclonal antibody

overnight at 4 °C, followed by six washes with sterile PBS, and freshly isolated PBMCs (2 × 105 cells) were added into the wells and incubated in 5% CO2 at 37 °C for 24 h in supplemented minimal essential medium with HBc 18-27 peptides (FLPSDFFPSV 10 μg/ml) or PMA/ionomycin (Alexis Biomol, San Diego, CA, USA) as a positive control. Cells in culture medium with HCV core 132–140 peptides (DLMGYIPLV) (SBS Genetech Co., Ltd.) were used as negative controls. Followed by removing the medium and cells and incubating with 200 μl deionized water on ice for 10 min, Selleck 5-Fluoracil plates Venetoclax in vivo were washed ten times with PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20, and then, 100 μl biotinylated secondary anti-human IFN-γ monoclonal antibody was added into cells and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. After washing, the plates were incubated with HRP-labelled streptavidin at 37 °C for 1 h. Plates were then washed again, and AEC solution (100 μl/well)

was then added and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. The colour reaction was stopped by washing with distilled water. Plates were air-dried, and spots were counted with an automated ELISPOT reader (Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, USA). Each spot represented an IFN-γ-producing cell. The number of specific spot-forming cell (SFC) per 1 × 106 PBMC was determined as the

mean number of spots in the presence of HBcAg 18-27 peptides minus the mean number of spots in the wells with medium only. ELISPOT response was defined as positive when the ratio of SFC with versus without antigen was higher than 2.5. The fresh PBMCs from AHB patients were CD8+ T cell-deleted by magnetic cell sorting (MACS) (CD8+ T cell isolation kits, Miltenyi Biotec). At the same time, CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells were deleted from partial PBMCs by MACS (CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell isolation kits, Miltenyi Biotec). The CD8 T cell-deleted PBMCs or CD4-CD8 T cell-deleted PBMCs were rested or stimulated with rHBcAg (2 μg/ml; Kitgen) for 5 h at 37 °C. Leukotriene-A4 hydrolase After washed twice with PBS, 1 × 106 cells were plated in the bottom chambers of transwell plates. CD8+ T cells from PBMCs of IA patients were isolated using microbeads according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Miltenyi Biotech). 3 × 105 CD8+ T cells were placed in the upper chambers. Unpulsed CD8 T cell-depleted PBMCs in the bottom chamber with isolated CD8+ T cells in the upper chamber served as a negative control. Cells were cocultured with medium alone or anti-IL-21 neutralizing antibodies (10 μg/ml, ReliaTech, Germany, CA 102-P236) or IL-21 (10 ng/ml; Peprotech) for 12 h at 37 °C, 5% CO2.