The expected fumonisin biosynthesis gene

cluster in the A. niger CBS 513.88 genome contains 14 open reading frames of which a number has similarity to the fumonisin biosynthesis cluster genes in F. verticillioides [22]. Although the knowledge of the biosynthesis pathway is incomplete, the expected precursors and cofactors required for production of fumonisins are acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, methionine, alanine, 2-ketoglutarate, O2 and NADPH [13]. Due to the late discovery of FB2 production in A. niger, its ability to produce this metabolite has only been the subject of a few studies. A. niger was shown to be a relatively consistent producer of FB2 on media such as Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA) with 5% NaCl [6, 24], yet it was noted that the media that support FB2 production in A. niger were different from those who

were supportive in F. verticillioides [6]. To evaluate the potential risk of mycotoxin buy Capmatinib production in foods and feeds, we explored the influence of substrate on FB2 production by A. niger. During our screening of food-related carbon sources as glucose, sucrose, lactate, starch and fat we found that lactate, when added to a medium containing starch, could synergistically increase the FB2 production compared to either starch or lactate alone. To reveal a biological explanation for this interesting observation, we combined growth physiology studies including measurement of Edoxaban several secondary metabolites with a proteome study. Proteome studies give information about the capability for metabolic flow in the cell, for maintenance of C646 clinical trial the cell and for anabolic and catabolic processes. The proteome constitutes the cellular machinery, is energetically expensive to maintain and has a crucial influence on the fitness of the fungus. Protein synthesis and degradation are thus carefully regulated at multiple levels. The use of proteome analysis within studies of filamentous fungi has attracted increasing interest in these years and has recently been reviewed by Carberry and Doyle [25], Kim et al. [26, 27] and Andersen and Selleck AZD4547 Nielsen

[28]. The emergence of fungal genome sequences combined with continuously improved mass spectrometry technologies will further show proteomics as useful for studies in fungal biology. We report on a 2D gel based proteome study conducted to relate differences in protein levels with differences in secondary metabolites especially FB2 production, and with the aim of elaborating on the reasons for an increased FB2 production on medium containing starch in combination with lactate. Results and discussion Growth and secondary metabolite production For these experiments we used a wildtype A. niger isolate (A. niger IBT 28144) that is able to carry out normal metabolism and synthesis essential for growth and survival in a natural habitat. Additionally it was able to produce both of the two mycotoxins FB2 and OTA.