“
“The discontinuity of the lattice at the surface leads to an inherent presence of dangling bonds and atomic coordinations that differ from that of the bulk. As a consequence

of this effect, we report on a two-dimensional confinement of the charge transport at the surface of polycrystalline perovskite oxide. Studying the surface transport separately from the bulk effect was approached by the investigation of ultrathin and stress-free LaCoO3 films that are grown on amorphous and nonconducting substrates using pulsed-spray evaporation chemical vapor deposition. The electrical characterization demonstrates an intriguing surface localization I-BET-762 of the charge carriers. This surface trapping, which is observed above room temperature, dominates the electrical

transport up to a temperature that depends on the film thickness, e. g., up to 440 K for 8-nm-thick films. This high-temperature effect, which is attributed to the surface adsorption of oxygen, points at a largely ignored surface effect in the study of thin and ultrathin films of transition metal oxides. Desorbing surface oxygen was experimentally shown to disrupt the two-dimensional confinement of the charge transport. (c) 2009 American Torin 1 in vivo Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3238302]“
“Hepatocyte nuclear factors 4 alpha (HNF4 alpha) and 3 beta (HNF3 beta) are members of a group of liver-enriched transcription factors (LETFs) that play important roles in regulating the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Using cell culture and animal models, we showed that HNF4 alpha supports HBV replication in nonhepatic cells and HNF3 beta inhibits HBV replication. However, the expression of HNF4 alpha and HNF3 beta in the liver tissue of chronic HBV-infected patients and the relationship between the levels of HNF4 alpha and HNF3 beta and HBV replication are unclear. In this study, liver biopsy specimens Cell Cycle inhibitor from 86 chronic HBV-infected patients were

collected. The expression levels of HNF4 alpha, HNF3 beta, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) were detected by an immunohistochemical technique and the level of HBV DNA was checked by in situ hybridization with serial sections from liver biopsy tissue samples. We show here that samples with higher levels of HNF4 alpha expression also have higher levels of HBsAg, HBcAg and HBV DNA. In contrast, in samples with higher levels of HNF3 beta expression, levels of HBsAg, HBcAg and HBV DNA were lower. There was a positive correlation between HNF4 alpha expression and HBV replication, and a negative correlation between HNF3 beta expression and HBV replication, in the liver of chronic HBV-infected patients.