Seven successive questions, numbered from 1 to 7 in the IPSS, were divided into two groups. These consisted of questions 1, 3, 5, and 6 and questions 2, 4, and 7, that represented voiding and storage symptoms, respectively.

If the mean voiding symptom score, defined as the summation score of questions 1, 3, 5, and 6, divided by 4 ([sum of scores for questions 1, 3, 5, and 6]/4) was greater than the mean storage symptom score ([sum of scores for questions 2, 4, and CTLA-4 antibody inhibitor 7]/3), then the patients were included in the voiding LUTS group. Otherwise, they were considered to be in the storage LUTS group.[16] The patients’ medical histories were obtained, and physical examinations, including neurological examination, were performed. Complete blood count, prostate specific antigen (PSA), glucose, creatinine, and liver enzyme analyses, urinalysis, and uroflowmetry were performed on the patients as well. Prostate volume and post-micturitional volume were assessed with ultrasonography. Ultrasound-guided needle biopsies were performed in cases where there was a suspected

malignancy (e.g., elevation of PSA > 4, suspicion of malignancy on digital rectal examination). Exclusion criteria were as follows: (i) any condition that can disrupt brainstem reflex, such as cranial nerve lesions, cerebrovascular disease, disease associated with neuropathy, AZD1208 in vitro or being treated with drugs recognized as potentially causing neuropathy, (ii) abnormal findings in the neurological examination, (iii) abnormal findings on brain MRI scan (iv) medical treatment for ID-8 LUTS, (v) signs of cancer of the urinary tract, (vi) history of pelvic surgery, (vii) any alcohol usage, or (viii) any abnormality determined by the blood and urine analysis listed above. Of the 32 patients, 16 had mean storage symptom scores that were higher than their mean voiding symptom scores and peak flow rates higher than 15 mL/sec. These patients had frequency and nocturia that was

greater than 7 and 1, respectively. All of the patients in the storage LUTS group had urge incontinence. The other 16 patients had mean voiding symptom scores that were higher than their mean storage symptom scores and peak flow rates lower than 10 mL/sec. All of the patients had previously provided a urination pattern detailing the time and volume of each urination over at least 3 days. The afferent limb of the blink reflex travels in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, known as the supraorbital nerve. The supraorbital nerve can be stimulated by surface electrodes during EMG. The facial nerve subserves the efferent limb and contracts the orbicularis occuli muscle (Fig. 1). The blink reflex responses from the inferior portion of both orbicularis oculi muscles may be recorded simultaneously, through surface electrodes, during EMG. While the EMG was being recorded, patients were supine on a bed, in a warm room, with their eyes slightly closed.