No suggestions,

pressure or duress were placed on the investigatory team whatsoever. Authors’ contributions All authors BIX 1294 solubility dmso were involved in the study. JDR was principal researcher, involved with liason with the company, participant screening, beverage assignment, data collection, statistical analysis and report generation; MDT was co-researcher involved with cohort organization, data collection and blood analyses, confirmation of statistical analyses, and helped to draft the manuscript; LSK was involved with monitoring of data collection including collation of performance data, and test beverage administration, as well as overview and editing of manuscript; MGR was involved in quality control, part data collection, and technical accuracy in preparation of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Glutamine ingestion during acute dehydration stress is reported to enhance fluid and electrolyte absorption resulting from intestinal disorders [1–3], but it’s effects may not be consistent [4]. This is possibly related to stability issues of glutamine in the gut. However, GDC-0449 research buy when glutamine

is combined with alanine the ability to enhance electrolyte and fluid absorption appears to be greater than glutamine alone, likely via a combination of greater stability and an enhanced rate of absorption via specific ion transporters within intestinal epithelia [5]. In addition, the greater stability of

the alanine-glutamine dipeptide appears to be quite evident at a low pH Bay 11-7085 [6]. This could have important implications for athletes during competition. Recently, acute ingestion of an alanine-glutamine dipeptide (AG) was reported to enhance fluid uptake and reduce the magnitude of performance decrement during exercise to exhaustion under hypohydrated conditions [7]. Furthermore, the alanine-glutamine dipeptide was shown to be significantly more effective than water alone. This has important implications during athletic performance, where dehydration can play a critical role in the outcome of a contest. For instance, a significant performance decrement has been shown with hypohydration levels of only 2% in basketball players [8, 9]. This level of hypohydration has been shown to decrease field goal percentage in basketball players by 8%, clearly affecting the potential outcome of a game. Considering that a thirst sensation may not appear until this level of hypohydration has already been reached [10], it becomes critical for athletes to rehydrate even when they do not feel the need to drink. Furthermore, rehydration does appear to be a major issue among basketball players. Nearly half of professional basketball players assessed prior to competitive games were found to be dehydrated prior to the onset of a basketball game, and that fluid intake during the games was not able to compensate for the pregame hypohydration [11].