Multivariate analysis revealed that ascites (OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.21-6.58; P < 0.02) and encephalopathy (OR 7.11; 95% CI 1.69-29.8; P < 0.01) were predictive factors of mortality. On the other hand, among

the Nadolol group the mean MELD score was 10.8 ± 2.2 in patients who survived and 13.9 ± 3.0 in patients who died (P < 0.05). BI 2536 datasheet Among the Combined group, the MELD score was 10.5 ± 3.2 in patients who survived and 12.8 ± 3.7 in patients who died (P = 0.07). Thus, patients with a higher baseline MELD score at enrollment in the Nadolol group had a higher mortality rate. The value of banding ligation and beta blockers in the prophylaxis of a first episode of variceal bleeding has been well established by many controlled mTOR inhibitor studies. Two meta-analyses of these studies have been performed and suggested that EVL is superior to beta blockers in the reduction of first bleeding episodes in cirrhosis patients with moderate to large esophageal varices, but with similar survival.19, 20 On the other hand, because

EVL is potentially associated with severe complications, the superiority of EVL over beta blockers in the prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding has been questioned by hepatology experts.21 Thus, the latest Baveno Consensus of portal hypertension suggested that EVL should be offered to patients with medium/large varices and with contraindications or intolerance to beta blockers.22 Beta blockers are considered the first choice in the primary prophylaxis of first esophageal variceal bleeding. However, it was estimated that at least one-third of patients could not attain a significant reduction of portal pressure to below the threshold of variceal rupture.23 The bleeding Clomifene rates ranging from 13% to 43% may still be encountered in patients receiving beta blockers for primary prophylaxis.19, 20, 24 Severe complications associated with EVL are not as frequent as sclerotherapy. If beta blockers could be combined with EVL in the prophylaxis of first variceal bleed, the effectiveness

would be expected to be enhanced. Enhanced efficacy by use of beta blockers combined with EVL has been well established in the secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding.16, 25 It is still unknown whether a combination of EVL and beta blockers in the primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding can be similarly effective. The role of combining EVL and beta blockers in the prophylaxis of first episode of variceal bleeding has rarely been evaluated.26, 27 Sarin et al.26 conducted a trial to compare the relative efficacy between EVL alone and a combination of EVL and propranolol. After a mean follow-up of 13 months, that study showed that first bleed was 7% in patients receiving EVL plus propranolol and 11% in patients receiving EVL only. Neither bleeding nor mortality rate reached a statistically significant difference.