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“Background Cancer immunotherapy is a promising new strategy that stimulates the patients’ immune
systems to target and clonidine kill tumors. Various groups have investigated enhancing the induction of anti-tumor T cell responses through vaccines, including immunization with tumor-associated antigens (TAA) or TAA-derived peptides [1–4]. In phase I trials, gp100 peptides, a melanocyte lineage-specific protein expressed in most melanomas, elicited strong anti-melanoma CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) (in 14% of patients) and CD4+ helper T cell effects (in 79% of patients) [5, 6]. In phase III trials, gp100 vaccination showed favorable progression-free survival for metastatic melanoma [7]. However, the overall response rate was only 2.6% with this peptide vaccine method, and the responses were transient [2].