L. japonica was shown to consist of moisture (7.7%), volatile matter (53.1%), fixed carbon (11.0%), and ash (28.3%) on a mass basis, whereas most mass (99.8%) was volatiles with only 0.2% of ash in the case of PP. Elemental analyses showed that L. japonica was composed of C (30.6%), H (4.9%), O (62.4%), N (1.5%), and S (0.5%) on a mass basis, whereas PP was composed only of C (85.4%) and H (14.6%). Synthesis and characterization of the catalyst Mesoporous Al-SBA-15 was synthesized using a method suggested in a previous study [3]. The characterization of the synthesized catalyst was performed using BET, N2 adsorption-desorption analysis,

X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of ammonia. selleckchem Refer to a previously published report for more detailed analysis procedure [1, 3]. Catalytic pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis using a fixed-bed reactor A U-type quartz reactor was used to investigate the change in the yields of gas and bio-oil by co-pyrolysis. To make an oxygen-free condition, 50-mL/min nitrogen gas flow was used to purge the reactor for 30 min prior to each experiment. Experiments were conducted with a 5-g L. japonica sample for 1 h at 500°C using 50-mL/min N2 gas as the carrier gas. In the case of co-pyrolysis of L. japonica

and waste plastics, a mixture of 2.5-g L. japonica and 2.5-g PP was used for the experiments. In the case of catalytic pyrolysis, a catalyst/feedstock ratio of 1/10 was used. The pyrolysis product oil was collected P5091 manufacturer in two consecutive condensers maintained at −20°C. A Teflon bag (DuPont Co., Wilmington, DE, USA) was installed after the condensers to collect the gaseous species that were not condensed in the condensers owing to their too low boiling points. The H2O content in bio-oil was analyzed using a Karl Fischer Titrator. www.selleck.co.jp/products/Nutlin-3.html Refer to previously published papers for more detailed experimental procedures [1, 2, 5]. Catalytic pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis using a pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass

spectrometry For more detailed in situ analysis of pyrolysis product composition, a single-shot pyrolyzer (Py-2020iD, Frontier-Lab Co., Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan) connected directly to GC/MS (called hereafter pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS)) was used. The pyrolyzer was maintained at 500°C. When pyrolyzing L. japonica only, 2 mg of L. japonica sample was put in a cup, whereas a mixture of 1 mg of L. japonica sample and 1 mg of PP was put in the cup for co-pyrolysis. When the experiments were performed with catalyst, quartz wool was laid over the cup containing the Pictilisib solubility dmso biomass sample forming an intermediate layer, over which 2 mg of catalyst was placed. The pyrolysis product vapor was upgraded catalytically while passing through the catalyst layer. Each test was conducted three times to check the reproducibility. One can refer to a previous paper [1, 3] for more detailed experimental procedures.