In this study, we identify TCRγδ+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) as major targets of CT to break tolerance to food allergens. TCRγδ+ IEL enriched cells populations isolated from mice fed with CT and transferred Akt inhibitor to naïve mice hamper tolerization to the food allergen β-lactoglobulin (BLG) in recipient mice which produce anti-BLG IgG1 antibodies. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of TCRγδ+ cells from CT-fed mice triggers the production of anti-CT IgG1 antibodies in recipient mice that were never

exposed to CT, suggesting APC-like functions of TCRγδ+ IELs. In contrast with TCRαβ+ cells, TCRγδ+ IELs bind and internalize CT both in vitro and in vivo. CT-activated TCRγδ+ IELs express MHC class II molecules, CD80, and CD86 demonstrating an APC phenotype. CT-activated TCRγδ+ IELs migrate GPCR Compound Library solubility dmso to the lamina propria where they produce IL-10 and IL-17. These results provide in vivo evidences for a major role of TCRγδ+ IELs in the modulation of oral tolerance in the pathogenesis of food allergy. “
“Qiang Zou, Department of Immunology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Although Treg-cell-mediated suppression during infection or autoimmunity has been described, functions of Treg cells during highly pathogenic avian influenza

virus infection remain poorly characterized. Here we found that in Foxp3-GFP transgenic mice, CD8+ Foxp3+ Treg cells, but not CD4+ Fossariinae Foxp3+ Treg cells, were remarkably induced during H5N1 infection. In addition to expressing CD25,

the CD8+ Foxp3+ Treg cells showed a high level of GITR and produced IL-10. In an adoptive transfer model, CD8+ Treg cells suppressed CD8+ T-cell responses and promoted H5N1 virus infection, resulting in enhanced mortality and increased virus load in the lung. Furthermore, in vitro neutralization of IL-10 and studies with IL-10R-deficient mice in vitro and in vivo demonstrated an important role for IL-10 production in the capacity of CD8+ Treg cells to inhibit CD8+ T-cell responses. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized role of CD8+ Treg cells in the negative regulation of CD8+ T-cell responses and suggest that modulation of CD8+ Treg cells may be a therapeutic strategy to control H5N1 viral infection. “
“Penicillium marneffei is the etiologic agent of a severe systemic disease in immunocompromised hosts in Southeast Asia. In the present study, a novel method, known as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), is described for the rapid and specific detection of the species, using a primer set derived from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. Amplification products can be detected macroscopically by visual inspection in vials using SYBR Green I as well as by electrophoresis on agarose gel. The LAMP assay resulted in specific amplification of P.