However, other mechanisms, such as an as anti-glucocorticoid mechanism, are also possible.164 Of the new generation of antiepileptic drugs, lamotrigine in particular is a useful addition to the treatment, portfolio. For acute bipolar depression, only one study showed a positive result, in a secondary outcome parameter,165 whereas three further studies failed

to separate it from placebo. In direct comparison with other Ivacaftor mouse treatment modalities, lamotrigine was equal to citalopram,166 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical but less effective than the olanzapine/fluoxetine combination167 or tranylcypromine.168 The place of lamotrigine in bipolar disorder is obviously in prophylactic treatment. Two doubleblind, randomized maintenance trials over 18 months proved the efficacy of lamotrigine when Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical compared with placebo and lithium.169,170 Both lamotrigine and lithium were superior to placebo. Looking for differential rates of relapse, lamotrigine was more effective in preventing newdepressive episodes, whereas lithium was better in preventing

manic episodes.171 This finding is also reflected in a double-blind study where lamotrogine was effective Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical against acute bipolar depression.165 For oxcarbazepine, a double-blind study against haloperidol in acute mania showed comparable efficacy.172 In a more recent study applying an on-off-on design, however, oxcarbazepine appeared inefficacious in severely manic patients, but only in mildly to moderately manic patients.173 This is in line with a recent randomized, single-blind trial showing similar efficacy of oxcarbazepine and valproate in hypomania.174 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical In addition, a randomized, controlled study in adolescent mania failed

to separate oxcarbazepine from placebo;175 thus, the case for oxcarbazepine in acute mania is rather weak. As far as bipolar depression and prophylactic treatment, are concerned, evidence from methodologically rigorous trials is also lacking. The story of gabapentin in bipolar disorder is largely similar: after promising open studies, two add-on studies in acute mania failed.176,177 For bipolar depression, open augmentation studies suggest some efficacy in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the absence of controlled data.178,179 As far as long-term treatment is concerned, a recent controlled maintenance study suggests that maintenance treatment with gabapentin can be beneficial,180 but larger replication studies are needed. For levetiracetam, positive Edoxaban open studies in acute mania181,182 have been reported, but controlled evidence is missing. More recently, a 31% remission rate was reported in patients with bipolar disorder who were in the depressed phase at baseline and who received levetiracetam as addon therapy for 8 weeks in an open-label trial.183 Other modern antiepileptic drugs, such as tiagabine and retigabinc, appear not to be promising in bipolar disorder. 184-189 Topiramate first appeared to be a promising treatment option in pilot studies; however, five double-blind, randomized studies could not prove efficacy in acute mania.