HIV-positive persons with CD4 cell counts <300 cells/μL should receive three doses of HAV vaccine over 6–12 months

instead of the standard two. 6.1.7 Tenofovir and emtricitabine should form the backbone of an ART regimen in naïve patients with wild-type HIV/HBV infection and no contraindication to either drug (Grading: selleck chemicals 1B). 6.1.8 If tenofovir is not currently part of HAART it should be added. Grading: 1B 6.1.9 Lamivudine/emtricitabine may be omitted from the ARV regimen and tenofovir given as the sole anti-HBV agent if there is clinical or genotypic evidence of lamivudine/emtricitabine resistant HBV. Grading: 1C 6.1.10 Lamivudine or emtricitabine should not be used as the only active drug against HBV in HAART because of the likelihood of emergent HBV resistance to these agents. Grading: 1B 6.1.11 Emtricitabine has potential antiviral benefits over lamivudine, is coformulated with tenofovir, and appears to be equally safe during pregnancy and hence is the preferred option

to be given with tenofovir in coinfection. Grading: 2D All HBV/HIV coinfected women should receive HAART containing tenofovir with emtricitabine or lamivudine treatment during pregnancy, unless contraindicated. Although lamivudine and emtricitabine are potent anti-HBV agents, monotherapy is associated with a high likelihood of HBV resistance Etoposide in coinfected persons and hence therapy with either of these drugs, without a second anti-HBV active drug, is not recommended. Tenofovir is effective at suppressing HBV DNA in mono- and coinfected patients and may induce HBeAg seroconversion although, as for other antivirals, this may be less likely in coinfection. HBV resistance is extremely rare and combination with lamivudine or emtricitabine has been demonstrated to be effective at suppressing HBV DNA and may induce HBeAg seroconversion. Combining lamivudine/emtricitabine with tenofovir may also reduce the risk of breakthrough HBV viraemia [169]. Emtricitabine is structurally similar

to lamivudine but has a longer half-life and selects for resistance for both HBV and HIV less rapidly Staurosporine and less often. Although not currently approved for HBV treatment, it induces a sharp reduction of HBV DNA in both mono- and coinfected patients. In one RCT of coinfected patients naïve to antivirals, combining emtricitabine with tenofovir has been shown to be more effective than emtricitabine alone (median time-weighted average concentration decrease was −5.32 log10 IU/mL in the tenofovir/emtricitabine group vs. −3.25 IU/mL in the emtricitabine group: P = 0.036) [172]. Further studies comparing emtricitabine/lamivudine with lamivudine alone produced similar results [173].