HIV monitoring What baseline tests should be recommended for HIV-positive women? How often should they be repeated? How should we investigate and manage abnormal liver function in pregnancy? Sexual health When should we recommend sexual health screening and how often? How should we manage genital infections in HIV-positive
pregnant women? “
“We are writing to restate the position of the Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) on recommended thresholds for initiating antiretroviral FGFR inhibitor therapy (ART) in children, following the recent publication of updated World Health Organization (WHO) guidance [1]. PENTA continues to recommend that paediatricians in Europe use the thresholds in the 2009 PENTA guideline for use of ART in children [2], and sees no conflict between this and the updated WHO guidance. The PENTA guideline thresholds may also be appropriate for middle-income countries outside Europe where regular follow-up with clinical and CD4 cell count monitoring is possible. Both the PENTA 2009 and WHO 2010 guidelines recommend starting ART in all infants below 12 months,
in all children with significant symptoms (WHO stage 3 or 4), and in asymptomatic children from age 5 years onwards at the same CD4 threshold as adults, i.e. 350 cells/μL. For asymptomatic children between ages 1 and 5 years, PENTA 2009 and previous WHO 2008 guidance [3] Ruxolitinib cell line recommended starting ART according to CD4 cell count in two identical age
bands (12–36 and 36–59 months), albeit at different CD4 levels. The new WHO guidance extends the recommendation for universal treatment from 12 months to 24 months, as well as using lower CD4 thresholds from age 2 to 5 years in a single age band (Table 1). Both PENTA 2009 and WHO 2010 guidelines considered the same body of evidence, and several experts took part in the drafting of both sets of recommendations. The universal treatment of infants is based on evidence from the Children with HIV Early Antiretroviral Therapy (CHER) study [4], a randomized controlled trial (RCT) showing a 76% reduction Liothyronine Sodium in mortality with early initiation of ART. Children over 5 years are treated at adult thresholds in both guidelines, based on similar disease progression rates in children over 5 years and adults in comparisons between the HIV Paediatric Prognostic Markers Collaborative Study (HPPMCS) child cohort and Concerted Action on SeroConversion to AIDS and Death in Europe (CASCADE) adult seroconverter cohort [5,6]. The recommendations for children aged between 2 and 5 years are based on cohort data on disease progression according to age and CD4 cell count, largely from the HPPMCS study [5].