Extensive field trials also assessed the protection provided to chicks from vaccinated breeder hens. Hatchlings were challenged with E. tenella oocysts Venetoclax molecular weight to assess oocyst output; it was found that there was a significant reduction of 67·9%, similar to results found in laboratory and pen trials performed earlier (59,72). An important outcome of these studies was the active immunity seen in maternally immunized birds up to 8 weeks old. Broiler chickens

are bred to live for 5–7 weeks, before being slaughtered for poultry meat production; therefore, maternal immunization with gametocyte antigens has the capacity to protect broiler flocks for the entirety of their lifetime. It has also been observed that resistance to infection from vaccinated

progeny can outlast the life of maternal antibodies (72). This Selleckchem PD-L1 inhibitor is because maternal immunity does not interfere with exposure to asexual development within vaccinated birds. Thus, passively transferred protective antibodies reduce, rather than completely stop, transmission of oocysts between birds, thereby allowing birds to develop their own active anti-asexual stage immunity in addition to the already induced maternal immunity. Immunity based on the asexual stages of Eimeria has previously been demonstrated to be strong and effective (73–75). Hence, the protective immunity of CoxAbic® is twofold – on one hand, reducing exposure of hatchlings to oocysts, yet at the same time, allowing them to acquire natural immunity by exposure to Unoprostone asexual stages, thus, providing effective and long-lasting control of coccidiosis. The same study by Wallach et al. (72) also revealed that hatchlings from vaccinated hens performed at least as well as positive control groups treated with anticoccidial drugs or live vaccines. In the poultry industry, the main performance parameter of any coccidiosis vaccine is its affect on weight gain, especially in regard to broiler flocks. As

poultry farmers would not leave any of their flock unprotected, the performance of maternal immunization was assessed in comparison to a ‘gold standard’, either anticoccidial drug administered in feed or a live vaccine. At least 1 million CoxAbic® vaccinated breeder hens and 1 million positive control chickens were assessed, resulting in a total of over 60 million progeny from immunized hens and 112 million positive control progeny (72). To assess the economic feasibility of the vaccine, lesion scores were graded and overall performance assessed including parameters such as mortality, daily weight gain (DWG) and food conversion ratio (FCR). When compared with flocks vaccinated with a live coccidiosis vaccine, in field trials in Argentina, no significant difference was observed. In Brazil, broiler flocks were vaccinated with gametocyte antigens and performance measured against broiler flocks treated with an ionophore anticoccidial in their feed.