Distinctions in habitat occupation can be recognized at various scales, from landscape regions through vegetation types to the composition of local resource patches (Senft et al., 1987). Differences in food resources can be identified at plant species level, or in terms of the local accessibility and nutritional value of plant parts or growth stages. Relevant features of resource heterogeneity at landscape scale include woody vegetation structure (Ferrar & Walker, 1974; Greenacre & Vrba, 1984) and soil fertility (East, 1984). Choice

of feeding sites and plant species and parts consumed by herbivores www.selleckchem.com/products/Erlotinib-Hydrochloride.html is influenced by nutrient and fibre contents (Ben-Shahar & Coe, 1992; Bailey et al., 1996),

dependent on grass height and relative greenness (Wilmshurst et al., 1999). Hence, coexistence among large herbivores may be enabled by distinctions in resource use at one or more of these scales, underlain by differences in body size and morphological adaptations. Sable antelope MK0683 supplier Hippotragus niger are medium-sized ruminants (adult female body mass 220 kg) with relatively narrow muzzles (incisor arcade breadth 57 mm; Gordon & Illius, 1988) that enable them to graze tall grass (Skinner & Chimimba, 2005). Their highest recorded density is about three animals per km2 (Grobler, 1974), but their local abundance within the Kruger National Park (KNP) where our study area was located did not exceed 0.5 animals per km2 (Chirima et al., unpubl. data). African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) are

large ruminants (adult female body mass 520 kg) with broad muzzles (incisor arcade breadth 93 mm), and are bulk grazers on tall grass. They attain a regional selleck products density of 1.5 animals per km2 within KNP, and local densities of 3–5 animals per km2. Plains zebra (Equus quagga) are medium-large non-ruminants (adult female body mass 310 kg) that tolerate quite tall and hence fibrous grass due to their hindgut digestion. They exhibit local and regional densities in KNP closely similar to those of buffalo. Differences in social groupings may also influence resource exploitation patterns. Buffalo form large herds generally numbering several hundred animals and zebra cohesive groups of 5–10 animals, while sable herds typically number 15–30 animals (Grobler, 1974; Sinclair, 1977; Skinner & Chimimba, 2005).