(d) Effect of gal-1 and gal-9 on LPS-induced IL-10 expression on

(d) Effect of gal-1 and gal-9 on LPS-induced IL-10 expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Cells were treated and analysed as in (a–c). (e) Gal-1 and gal-9 induce the expression of IL-10 in PBMC. Mononuclear cells (5 × 105) were incubated on p24 plates in the presence of 10 μg/ml gal-1, gal-3 and gal-9 during 24 h, and then IL-10 expression was determined by RT–PCR. LPS (100 ng/ml) was used as positive control. Data correspond to mean ± standard error of the mean of five independent experiments. Differences among treatment were tested by one-way analysis of variance test, *P < 0·05.

Table S1. Sequence of primers used for reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Table S2. Relation RAD001 between beclomethasone (BDP) dose and levels of protein expression [mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)] by flow cytometry. “
“Th cells are important mediators of adaptive immunity and involved in various diseases. During the past decade, the Th family has expanded from including Th1 and Th2 cells to also encompass Th9, Th17, Th22, and Treg cells; the original classification using the expression of signature cytokines is still the gold standard for definition

of subset affiliation. However, the identification of Th cells that do not fit into these tight conceptual boundaries has tumbled the field into an identity crisis. This review gives an overview on different Th-cell classification approaches, their advantages and drawbacks. In addition, this review highlights the functional properties of distinct Th subsets and their effector cytokines in tissues SCH727965 supplier and disease-specific settings with a special focus on inflammatory skin diseases. Naïve Th cells integrate signals from their

T-cell receptor, co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine receptors to polarize into different Th-cell subsets with distinct effector functions. This is a crucial process for the host immune system in order to specialize in the clearance of a diverse array of pathogens. Understanding the function of Th cells requires clear definition and categorization selleck kinase inhibitor not only of their helper activities but also of their induction and migration programs. Currently, signature cytokine expression, master transcriptional regulators, and cytokine priming requirements are perceived as important (classical) criteria for the classification of Th cells into subset categories. On closer look, however, we need to admit that most of the novel Th-cell subsets do not fulfill classical definition requirements for separate T-cell subsets as they for instance express signature cytokines or transcription factors of two independent subsets at the same time. The emergence of new technologies, as well as the increasing appreciation of epigenetic determination and stabilization of effector T-cell responses, will provide new classification systems for Th-cell heterogeneity and hopefully resolve the current CD4+ T-cell “identity crisis.

Comments are closed.