Cryptosporidium was identified as a “neglected pathogen” by the WHO in 2004 (3). The disease it causes ranges in seriousness from mild to severe and the signs and symptoms depend on the site of infection and nutritional and immune status of the host. In patients with intact immune systems, cryptosporidiosis is self limiting; however, infection in immunocompromised patients, particularly those infected

by HIV and those who have developed AIDS, can be fatal (4, 5). There Veliparib purchase is no effective and specific medication for cryptosporidiosis. It is clear that an intact immune system is the main factor that limits this infection (6). Evidence is also emerging that the clinical picture may vary with the infecting species. At least eight of the currently identified 20 Cryptosporidium species and seven of the more than 40 genotypes have been detected in humans; however, some of these may have been incidental findings (7). Those currently considered human pathogens include C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. felis,

C. canis and the Cryptosporidium rabbit genotype (8). C. parvum and C. hominis are the major species of Cryptosporidium that affect humans. However, unusual species and genotypes can induce infection in specific groups, including both immune-competent and immune-compromised populations (9). It is now well known that people with compromised immune systems have a higher risk of Cryptosporidium infection and that carriage of this parasite is associated with diarrheal diseases in most cases.(9) Furthermore, the disease is much more severe and prolonged in patients with diarrhea FK506 manufacturer than in otherwise healthy individuals. There is good evidence that risk of fecal carriage, severity of illness and development of unusual complications of cryptosporidiosis are directly related to T-cell immune deficiency, particularly decreased CD4 + lymphocyte counts (4). Cryptosporidiosis can

affect all segments of the gastrointestinal tract (10, 11). Since microscopic examination cannot accurately identify Cryptosporidium genotypes, molecular tools are essential for detecting and differentiating Cryptosporidium Spp. Such identification in turn informs our understanding of transmission routes and the health-related implications Lonafarnib of various species and genotypes (8, 12). A number of factors prompted us to carry out the present study. They included the increasing use of immunosuppressive agents in solid organ transplant recipients and cancer patients, the overwhelming number of HIV/AIDS patients in Iran (a United Nations Joint Project on HIV/AIDS/WHO report estimated the number of individuals living with HIV as 86,000 in 2007, which is approximately double that in 2001) (13), the limited knowledge about the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in immunocompromised patients and the risk factors for infection in this group.