Comparison of changes in the lipopolysaccharides profiles of the wild-type and mutant strains lends further credence to this possibility PD0325901 concentration because differences in the lipopolysaccharides

profiles were seen to occur for all strains, but at different times during the flocculation process. Therefore, the mutant strains lacking cheA1 or cheY1 may be affected in the timing of flocculation, which may result, for example, from an increased sensitivity of the cells to the cues that trigger flocculation or perhaps to other effects. Structural and other differences identified between the flocs formed by ΔcheA1 and ΔcheY1 strains thus collectively suggest that the function of Che1 in modulating flocculation is indirect. Taken together and with data from the literature (Burdman et al., 2000a; Bahat-Samet et al., 2004; Bible et al., 2008), the results obtained here underscore the significant changes of the cell surface and extracellular matrix that occur during flocculation and support a model in which flocculation in A. brasilense is an adaptive behavior CX-4945 solubility dmso that allows the cells to

differentiate into resistant forms via extensive remodeling of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix, including lipopolysaccharides and exopolysaccharide. The authors would like to thank Dave Allison for helpful discussions. This research was funded by the Genomic Science Program of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research, US DOE, and NSF MCB-0919819 to G.A. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the US Department of Energy under Contract no. DE-AC05-00OR22725. A.N.E. and P.S. contributed equally to this work. Fig. S1. AFM 5×5 μm deflection scans of wild-type and mutant strains. Fig. S2. AFM topography images of (a) wild-type Sp7; (b) AB101 (ΔcheA1); (c) AB102 (ΔcheY1). Table S1. Quantification of lectin binding. Please

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“Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) infection is a major cause of sudden death in pigs and is of concern for humans as it has strong zoonotic capabilities. Developing novel effective vaccines would be beneficial to control SS2 infection. HP0272 is a novel immunogenic surface protein; its protective efficacy remains to be evaluated. The present mouse model found that the purified recombinant HP0272 could elicit a significant humoral antibody response, and to confer complete protection against a lethal dose of SS2 infection. In addition, real-time PCR confirmed that in vivo-induced antigen existed in most SS2 field pathogenic strains, and in half of all reference strains of different serotypes of S. suis.