Comparing groups 1 and 2, VL zenith < 5 log10 copies/mL [odds ratio (OR) 1.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–1.99; P = 0.003], current CD4 T-cell count < 500 cells/μL (OR 1.44; 95% Bafilomycin A1 purchase CI 1.08–1.92; P = 0.01), and duration of viral suppression < 50 copies/mL longer than 2 years (OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.20–4.54; P = 0.01) were associated with undetectable VL. Comparing groups 1 and 3, VL zenith < 5 log10 copies/mL (OR 2.48; 95% CI 1.75–3.50; P < 0.001), duration of viral suppression < 50 copies/mL longer than 1 year (OR 3.33; 95% CI 1.66–6.66; P = 0.0006), and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.03–2.04; P = 0.03) were associated

with undetectable VL. No individual drug effect was found within NNRTI molecules. Longer duration of viral suppression < 50 copies/mL, lower viral load zenith and NNRTI-based regimen were independently associated with a strictly undetectable viral load.

This routinely used RT-PCR assay may prove to be a valuable tool in further large-scale studies. The current goal of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is to maintain plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load (VL) below 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL [1]. However, as the limit of detection of quantification techniques has been lowered, low-level viraemia below 50 copies/mL has increasingly become PKC412 an issue [2]. The long-term consequences of low-level viraemia, including the risk of emerging drug resistance, persistent immune activation and inflammation, and optimal management strategies for patients with such viraemia are still a matter of debate [3]. As ultrasensitive VL assays are limited to research settings because of their complexity, the aim of this study was to compare, using a routine sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology, patients experiencing low-level viraemia below 50 copies/mL

with those with a strictly undetectable viral load. The HIV reference centre in Toulouse, France, maintains a large prospective cohort of > 2000 HIV-1-infected patients who attend the centre for care and who have provided written consent to be included in the cohort, regardless of their HIV disease history. For the purpose of this Olopatadine study, we selected patients who had been receiving a three-drug suppressive cART regimen for at least 1 year, without any modification in the last 6 months, and who had at least two available VL measurements in the last year, all < 50 copies/mL. The regimen could be based on nonnucleosidic reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (bPIs), or raltegravir. VL was measured in routine clinical practice using the Cobas Ampliprep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 version 2 (CAP/CTM2; Roche, Molecular Systems, Branchburg, NJ).