Although insufficient, literature data indicate that ratios of bioelements can provide more realistic view of changes in their concentration Volasertib purchase in organism than the individual levels of trace elements [40]. To our knowledge, there are no data on the effect of Mg supplementation on Zn, Cu, and Mg ratio during oral exposure to Cd. In this experiment, Cu/Zn ratios in blood of Cd and Cd + Mg group were higher than one obtained in control group. However, Cu/Zn ratio in Cd + Mg group was significantly lower than in Cd group suggesting beneficial effect of Mg supplementation on Zn and Cu distribution in blood. Positive effect of Mg supplementation was also observed in kidney where Mg/Cu ratio was lower in intoxicated animals, but in the range of controls when Mg was applied.

Although there was no significant change in Mg or Zn concentration in kidney, Mg/Zn ratio in kidney of Cd group was lower than in controls, and this change was also prevented by Mg treatment. Kidney is regarded as a target organ of Cd toxicity; hence, the fact that Mg showed the most pronounced beneficial effect on bioelements ratio in this organ is of particular importance.The observed beneficial effect of Mg in rabbits exposed to prolonged Cd intoxication could be explained by direct effect of Mg on Cd concentration in organism, since our previously published results show that Mg supplementation decreases Cd concentration in kidney, spleen, and bones of rabbits exposed to 10mg Cd/kg b.w. for four weeks [15]. Similarly, we determined positive effect of Mg cotreatment on Cd concentration in kidney, lungs, testes, and spleen of mice [21, 22].

Protective effect of Mg on Cd-induced disbalance of bioelements could be also the result of Mg interactions with Zn and Cu. Although mechanisms of these interactions have not been clarified yet, literature data indicate the complexity of interactions between Mg, Cu, and Zn [22, 41].5. Conclusion and OutlookThis work contributes to investigations on interactions between toxic Cd and bioelements Zn, Cu, and Mg and gives better insight into complex changes that Cd induces in organism. In order to explain the interactions between toxic metal Cd on one side and bioelements Zn, Cu, and Mg on the other, it is essential to clarify the mechanisms of their interactions on the levels of absorption, distribution, and elimination. Furthermore, in order to predict the effect of supplemental Mg on Cd-induced disbalance Cilengitide of bioelements homeostasis, the comprehensive knowledge of the precise molecular mechanisms of Cd biological effect on bioelements status is a necessary step.