A novel Rao

test based detector, which does not require any a priori knowledge about the primary user (PU) signal and channels, is proposed for the detection of a primary user in non-Gaussian noises selleck chemicals llc that are molded by the generalized Gaussian distribution (GGD). The statistic of the proposed Rao detector is derived and its detection performance is analyzed in the low signal-to-noise ratio regime and compared to that of the traditional energy detection. Furthermore, the Rao-based detection is extended to a multi-user cooperative framework by using the “k-out-of-M” decision fusion rule and considering erroneous reporting channels between the secondary users and the fusion center due to Rayleigh fading. The global cooperative detection and false alarm probabilities are derived based on the cooperative sensing scheme. Analytical and computer simulation results show that for a given probability of false alarm, the Rao detector can significantly enhance the spectrum sensing performance over the conventional energy detection and the polarity-coincidence-array (PCA) method in non-Gaussian noises. Furthermore, the proposed cooperative detection Dactolisib scheme has a significantly higher global probability of detection than the non-cooperative scheme. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Empirical data indicative of the health conditions and medical needs of homeless

persons are scarce in Japan. In this study, with the aim of contributing to the formulation of future healthcare strategies for the homeless, we conducted a self-administered

questionnaire survey and interviews at a park in Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo, to clarify the living conditions of homeless persons and their health conditions and awareness about the availability of medical treatment. Responses from 55 homeless men were recorded (response rate: 36.7%). With the exception of one person, none of them possessed a health insurance certificate. Half of the respondents reported having a current income source, although their modal monthly income was (sic)30,000 ($1 was approximately (sic)90). The number of individuals who responded “yes” to the questions regarding “Consulting a doctor on the basis S63845 concentration of someone’s recommendation” and “Being aware of the location of the nearest hospital or clinic” was significantly higher among those who had someone to consult when they were ill than among those who did not (the odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] were 15.00 [3.05-93.57] and 11.45 [1.42-510.681, respectively). This showed that whether or not a homeless person had a person to consult might influence his healthcareseeking behavior. When queried about the entity they consulted (multiple responses acceptable), respondents mentioned “life support organizations” (61.1%) and “public offices” (33.3%). Overall, 94.5% of the respondents were aware of swine flu (novel influenza A (H1N1)).