75 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) [29]. The molecular structure of 3�C8 coupled oligopyrene derivative is illustrated in Scheme 1 for simplification.Figure 1.Normalized absorption (dashed lines) and fluorescence spectra (solid lines) of the aqueous solutions of HPBDB (red) with a concentration of 3.3 �� 10?5 mol?L?1 and OHPBDB (green) with a repeat unit concentration of 3.3 �� …2.2. Fluorescence quenching of OHP
During the past decades, transfers of liquid volumes in the submicroliter range have become an important feature of liquid handling robotic instruments for protein crystallization, drug discovery, and medical diagnostics. In order to dispense smaller volumes than that be dispensed by hand with more accuracy, higher speed, and better reproducibility, many automated liquid dispensing technologies have been developed in academic and commercial applications [1-2].

In the early 1990s, the contact dispensing technologies capable of delivering fluid volumes in the submicroliter range appeared. Initially these systems featured piston displacement mechanisms, but displacement techniques do not provide enough energy to break the surface tension of the last droplet, so a dragging action, touch off (against either the solid surface of a vessel or a liquid surface) is employed. Then inkjet dispensing technology was introduced, along with syringe-driven positive displacement technology [3-4]. Inkjet technology alleviates some problems of contact dispensing by forcing the sample through a small opening and projecting it onto the slide surface in a contactless manner.

Inkjet dispensers include two main types: piezoelectric and solenoid based systems. Piezoelectric-based systems (Packard Instruments, among others) use piezoelectric crystals coupled to a glass capillary tube [5]. Solenoid-based systems (Cartesian Technology, Innovadyn Technology, among others) use pressure to compress the fluid against a valve [6]. In addition, some novel liquid handling technologies that feature electrical conductivity gradient, thermally actuated, and focused acoustics mechanisms have also been developed [7-14]. However, a number of critical aspects on low-volume liquid handling remain unresolved.

In some application conditions, for example, protein crystallization, many reagents with different viscosities need to be dispensed during one screening experiment, but most of the commercial automated liquid dispensing systems cannot adjust GSK-3 system parameters automatically, and a dispensing device operating will dispense either more liquid with lower viscosity or less of a higher viscosity liquid, so dispensing volume errors are introduced when liquids of different viscosities are handled simultaneously.In order to solve this problem, most commercial automated liquid dispensing systems ensure precision by experimental calibration when liquid viscosities change, which is time consuming and less flexible.