4%) had a significant (fourfold or greater) increase in titre after vaccination (Table 2). In contrast, only eight patients (6.3%) had an antibody titre ≤ 1:10. These differences were found to be statistically significant (χ2 = 61.09; P < 0.0001). No correlation was found between age GSK-3 beta phosphorylation and pre-vaccination HI titre. In the χ2 analysis, a nonsignificant trend for a higher proportion of patients with HI titres ≥ 1:40 (P = 0.083) in the > 60 years old group was found; 13 of 19 patients (68.4%) in the > 60 years old group had HI titres

≥ 1:40 compared with 88 of 199 patients (48.9%) in the ≤ 60 years old group. The SPR, SCR and mean increase in GMT in the ≤ 60 years old group were 91.2%, 68.1% and 2.43 ± 0.51, respectively. In the > 60 years old group, the SPR, SCR and mean increase in GMT were 92.3%, 61.5% and 2.32 ± 0.52, respectively. In the univariate analysis, ART status, VL and baseline H1N1 antibody titres were found to be significantly associated with H1N1 antibody titres of ≥ 1:40. Nine of 16 patients (56%) not on treatment did not achieve antibody titres required for seroprotectivity. In contrast, 79 of 110 patients

(72%) on treatment achieved HI antibody levels ≥ 1:40. Lower BIBW2992 solubility dmso HIV VL and higher baseline HI H1N1 antibody titres were also associated with higher post-vaccination HI titres. Further analysis found that only 12 of 26 patients (46%) with detectable VL, but 74 of 100 patients (74%) with undetectable VL (< 50 copies/mL), achieved antibody titres ≥ 1:40 (χ2 = 7.384; P = 0.007). VL and baseline HI H1N1 antibody titre were found to be the predictors of

a response to vaccination (≥ 1:40) in the BLR model (χ2 = 15.71; d.f. = 2; P < 0.0001) (Table 3). The model correctly predicted 71.4% of cases. The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of Niclosamide fit statistic showed that the model was good (P > 0.05). During the Southern Hemisphere winter of 2009 there was considerable concern about the impact of the H1N1 influenza virus as it started spreading within the general population, particularly in those considered at increased risk for complications. Clinics dealing with high-risk patients were disseminated free vaccines via the State’s Public Health Units for mass immunization. HIV-infected patients were considered to be at greater risk of complications from H1N1 infection compared with the general population, although subsequent audits from a number of large HIV centres have suggested that the opposite was actually true. Patients with HIV-1 infection have been shown to have weaker responses to seasonal influenza vaccination, with lower antibody response rates being associated with lower CD4 T-cell count, not being on ART and previous AIDS, with an impaired response being anticipated to H1N1 09 vaccination in this population [8].