1). According to Battestin et al. (2008) and Macedo et al. (2011), tannase can completely hydrolyse the epigallocatechin gallate in green tea to epigallocatechin

and gallic acid by increasing the antioxidant activity of tea. Table 1 also learn more describes the antioxidant capacity of the EGCG and green tea extract before and after tannase treatment, as determined by the DPPH method. The DPPH assay has been used many times before to demonstrate the high antioxidant potential of green tea. Komes, Horžic, Belščak, Ganić, and Vulić (2010) used DPPH, among other methodologies, to relate the elevated antioxidant capacity of green tea samples to their EGCG concentrations. The results in Table 1 indicate a trend toward increased radical-scavenging SCH 900776 concentration capacity after enzymatic hydrolysis. This trend was similar to the one observed in ORAC assays, supporting the results obtained by enzymatic treatment of the extracts. Catechins (including epicatechins) with three hydroxyl groups in the B ring are known as gallocatechins, and those esterified to gallic acid at the 3-OH group in the C ring are known as catechin gallates (Fig. 1). With antioxidant

activity governed broadly by the rule that the structures with the most hydroxyl groups exert the greatest antioxidant activity, the catechin-gallate esters reflect the contribution of gallic acid (Rice-Evans, Miller, & Paganga, 1996). Potential structure–activity relationships have been suggested by findings that the o-dihydroxy groups in the B-ring and

the hydroxyl group in the C-ring are associated with Selleckchem Enzalutamide the antioxidant properties of the flavonoids ( Faria, Oliveira, Gameria, Santos-Budga, & De Freitas, 2005). The effects of EGCG on cellular growth have been extensively studied using MTT assays. The authors of some studies have interpreted the results of MTT assays to indicate that EGCG exerts antiproliferative activity (Uesato et al., 2001); however, other authors have described these effects as a potentially dose-dependent toxic effect of this compound (Schmidt et al., 2005). In order to distinguish between cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects and to compare the effects of compounds before and after biotransformation, we used the MTT assay to evaluate cytotoxic effects and the SRB assay to study anti-proliferative activity. MTT assays were performed to assess the cytotoxicity of green tea extract and EGCG before and after biotransformation on the RAW 264.7 cells (Fig. 2a and b). The data in Fig. 2a reveal a trend toward a dose-dependent effect, with a small decrease in absorbance when higher concentrations of either unmodified or biotransformed green tea extract were used. At each concentration, no significant differences could be observed between the samples treated with tannase and the untreated samples. In contrast, biotransformation of EGCG eliminated the dose-dependent effect, as the absorbances remained constant for every concentration, with a small decrease compared to the positive control (Fig.