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“While Listeria, monocytogenes is responsible for listeriosis, it is also a saprophytic species with exceptional survival aptitudes. Secreted proteins are one of the main tools used by bacteria to interact with their environment. In order to take into account the biodiversity of L. monocytogenes species, exoproteomic

analysis was carried out on 12 representative strains. Following 2-DE and MALDI-TOF MS, a total of 151 spots were identified and corresponded to 60 non-orthologous proteins. To categorize and analyze these proteomic data, a rational check details bioinformatic approach predicting final subcellular localization was carried out. Fifty-two out of the 60 proteins identified (86.7%) were indeed predicted as localized in the extracellular milieu (gene ontology (GO): 0005576). Most of them (65.4%) were actually predicted as secreted via the Sec translocon. Comparative analysis allowed for proteins found in all or only in a subset of L. monocytogenes strains to be defined. While the core exoproteome included most proteins related to bacterial virulence, GSK1904529A mw cell wall biogenesis, as well as proteins secreted by unknown pathways, a slight variation in the protein members

of these categories were observed and constituted the variant exoproteome. This investigation resulted in the first definition Depsipeptide supplier of the core and variant exoproteomes of L. monocytogenes where corollaries on bacterial physiology are further discussed.”
“Despite remarkable technological advances in genetics and drug screening, the discovery of new pharmacotherapies has slowed and new approaches to drug development are needed. Research into the biology of aging is generating many novel targets for drug development

that may delay all age-related diseases and be used long term by the entire population. Drugs that successfully delay the aging process will clearly become “”blockbusters.”" To date, the most promising leads have come from studies of the cellular pathways mediating the longevity effects of caloric restriction (CR), particularly target of rapamycin and the sirtuins. Similar research into pathways governing other hormetic responses that influence aging is likely to yield even more targets. As aging becomes a more attractive target for drug development, there will be increasing demand to develop biomarkers of aging as surrogate outcomes for the testing of the effects of new agents on the aging process.”
“Laser-evoked potentials are the most extensively validated method to objectively assess nociceptive pathway function in humans. Here, we review merits and shortcomings of alternative techniques using different principles of stimulus generation to stimulate A delta- or C-fibers.