Each of the three treatment groups in our study had 4 older patients (mean age; 64 vs. 60 vs. 65 years old in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The periods from the start of the therapy to complete remission were shorter due to the cyclosporine treatment (14.5 vs. 19.5 vs. 22.0 days). Adverse effects were observed in 25 % of Group 1, 75 % of Group 2, and 75 % of Group 3. Furthermore, no relapse was reported within 12 months in Group 1 only. Thus, the combination

of cyclosporine and prednisolone with intravenous MPT was also p38 MAPK inhibitor effective and safe in older patients. Serious adverse effects caused by long-term steroid therapy are unavoidable in the treatment of MCNS adult patients. In the present study, more oral prednisolone was selleck kinase inhibitor administered to Groups 2 and 3 than to Group 1. The rate of adverse effects caused by corticosteroids was also higher in these two groups than in Group 1. Thus, the additional administration of cyclosporine should have steroid-sparing effects to minimize the adverse effects caused by steroids. Cyclosporine causes its own Selleckchem KU55933 specific adverse effects, including nephrotoxicity, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, and

encephalopathy. Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity has been shown to correlate with the duration of heavy proteinuria and cyclosporine doses [18, 19]. No significant differences were observed in the development of hypertension or changes in eGFR and serum creatinine levels among the three groups. The dose of cyclosporine in Group 1 that showed trough levels between 50 and 150 ng/ml was almost half of that recommended in renal transplantation [20]. Thus, the lower doses of cyclosporine administered in this study may explain why cyclosporine caused minimum adverse effects and mild reductions in prednisolone doses. MPT was used to improve see more the efficacy of the prednisolone treatment and decrease the adverse effects of prednisolone due to the lower doses administered as a maintenance

therapy. The total amounts of oral prednisolone and methylprednisolone were similar in Groups 1 and 3 at 6 months. However, the rate of adverse effects in Group 1 was lower than that in Group 3 in the present study. The adverse effects of prednisolone have been associated with the oral dose and administration period of high doses of prednisolone. An equal or more than 20 mg oral dose of prednisolone has been identified as a risk factor for fractures, infections, and gastric ulcers [21, 22]. Thus, we further calculated and compared the administration periods of orally administered prednisolone of 20 mg and more in our study. The administration period of 20 mg/day or more of prednisolone was the shortest in Group 1. Under these conditions, we further analyzed relationships between adverse effects and various factors, including the use of cyclosporine.