For example, a person

reporting seeing grapheme-induced synaesthetic colour appearing on the page may describe his sound-induced images in mind’s eye because there is no external visual stimulus for it to be ‘pinned’ onto spatially, leading to contradictory categorisations. Given the difficulty in describing the spatial location of an internally www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html generated experience, subjective reports may be affected by how the questions are framed and how the options are interpreted. (For related discussion in grapheme–colour synaesthesia, often referred to as ‘associator vs projector’ distinction, see Dixon et al., 2004; Edquist et al., 2006; Ward et al., 2007; Karstoft and Rich, submitted for publication). For all participants, erroneous responses (2.5%) and outliers (defined as responses < 100 msec and > 3000 msec; .1%) were excluded from further analyses. Fig. 5a shows selleck kinase inhibitor the mean correct RT and repeated-measures standard

error (SE) of each condition for synaesthetes and controls. Table 1 shows the mean error rate of each condition. We analysed correct RTs and error rates using a mixed design analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a between-subject factor of group (synaesthetes vs controls), and within-subject factors of task (colour vs shape) and congruency (both features congruent, shape incongruent, colour incongruent, and both features incongruent). In all statistics reported in the present study, we used the Greenhouse–Geisser

adjustment to adjust violations of sphericity where necessary, and the Bonferroni correction to control for family-wise error rates in all post-hoc multiple comparisons. The results of the ANOVA show no significant main effect of group [F < 1.0, n.s.] and significant main effects of task [F(1, 12) = 9.02, p = .01, η2 = .42] Dehydratase and congruency [F(1.93, 23.22) = 6.65, p = .006, η2 = .35]. These main effects are modified by a significant task × congruency interaction [F(1.66, 19.93) = 4.49, p = .03, η2 = .27], as well as a significant group × congruency interaction [F(3, 36) = 5.52, p = .003, η2 = .31; see Fig. 5b]. The three-way interaction of group × task × congruency is not significant [F(1.66, 19.93) = 1.19, p = .31]. Based on the significant group × congruency interaction, we conducted post-hoc pair-wise comparisons (Bonferroni corrected α-level: .05/6 = .008, with .05 being the conventional α-level of statistical tests and six being the number of pair-wise comparisons) to explore how the congruency effect affected the two groups differently. This interaction is illustrated in Fig. 5b, where the results are collapsed across task.