Identification of chicken Eimeria species is of utmost importance for effective control of clinical and subclinical coccidiosis. Conventional parasitological techniques are time consuming and require expertise, which is increasingly expensive and scarce. Computational identification on the basis of oocyst morphology (COCCIMORPH) provides a valuable diagnostic tool but failed to correctly identify many species in practical field application. The use of molecular biological techniques to Gemcitabine discriminate between different species of poultry coccidia has been limited to date but the provision of protocols supporting their cost-effective,

robust and straightforward application with an easy to interpret output can improve this website uptake in developed and developing regions. As the cost of PCR equipment and reagents continues to drop, it is feasible that the protocols described here will be developed and integrated into

routine poultry management and veterinary surveillance. Authors are thankful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi and the Director, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar for providing necessary facilities. The financial assistance provided by DFID and BBSRC, UK in the form of CIDLID project BB/H009337 (Anticoccidial vaccine development: the importance of genetic diversity and delivery strategy) and the Libyan Government for the PhD studentship awarded to A. Moftah is duly acknowledged. This manuscript has been assigned the reference PPB_00587 by the RVC. “
“Protozoa of the family Sarcocystidae are etiologic agents of disease in various animal species, including cattle

(Gentile et al., 2012 and Weston et al., 2012), sheep and goats (Moreno et al., 2012), dogs (Garosi et al., 2010), cats (Falzone et al., 2008) and humans (Hide et al., 2009). Horses are also potential hosts, particularly for Neospora spp., Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe disorders or remain latent ( Arias et al., 2012, Garcia-Bocanegra many et al., 2012 and Villalobos et al., 2012). In horses, these agents occasionally cause reproductive problems, especially N. huguesi, however, it is uncertain whether N. caninum also has such effects ( Dubey and Schares, 2011) due to cross-reactivity in methods of serodiagnosis ( Gondim et al., 2009) that impairs species specification by serological techniques. Neurological disorders, such as equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), are mainly caused by S. neurona ( Dubey et al., 2001b), with some cases attributed to N. huguesi ( Wobeser et al., 2009). Despite its lack of association with lesion development in horses, T. gondii was included in this study due to its importance in public health, and previous studies have revealed its seroprevalence in horses worldwide ( Boughattas et al., 2011 and Karatepe et al., 2010), including places where humans consume equine meat ( Pomares et al., 2011).