05 compared to the …3.1.2. Spatial Y-Maze Memory As shown in Figure inhibitor Ganetespib 2, the mean percent alternation behavior for the control, CA, A��, and A�� + CA groups was 93.6 �� 5.3, 86 �� 14.3, 54.3 �� 6.1, and 89 �� 9.7, respectively. Thus, a significant decrease in the percent alternation behavior was observed in the A�� group as compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, a significant increase in the percent alternation behavior was observed in the A�� + CA group in comparison with the A�� group (P < 0.05).Figure 2The percent of alternation behavior in the experimental groups (control, CA: carnosic acid, A��: Amyloid beta, and A�� + CA: carnosic acid + A��) (mean �� SEM): *P < 0.05 compared to the control group and #P < ...3.2.
Fluoro-Jade b StainingFluoro-jade b is recently used as a fluorescent marker for neuronal cell death and binds sensitively and specifically to the degenerating neurons. The positive neurons were observed with the green iridescence. Figure 3 presents the fluoro-jade b staining in the Ca1 region of the hippocampus for the control, CA, A��, and A�� + CA groups. As it is shown, there are so many degenerating neurons in the A�� group, while there are fewer in A�� + CA group, and there are not any positive neurons observed in control and CA groups.Figure 3Fluoro-jade b staining in the Ca1 area of the hippocampus in the experimental groups (control, CA: carnosic acid, A��: Amyloid beta, and A�� + CA: carnosic acid + A��). The white arrows show the fluorescent positive neurons in the …4. DiscussionIn Alzheimer’s disease, lack of memory is one of the first symptoms to occur [18].
Therefore, in this study, we proposed a strategy against the in vivo A�� (1�C40) toxicity. The spatial and learning memories in rats were investigated using the Y-maze and shuttle box apparatus to compare their score changes in accordance with the protective role allocated to CA against A�� toxicity.Yan et al. showed that the injection of A�� (1�C42) impairs performance on the passive avoidance test (35% decreases in step-through latency) and the Y-maze test (19% decreases in alternation behavior) [19]. In another study, Rasoolijazi et al. found that the unilateral intrahippocampal injection of 4��L of 2nmol/��L A�� (1�C40) can reduce spatial memory and psychomotor coordination (PMC) in rats [20].
Additionally, work from our own laboratory recently showed that a bilateral intrahippocampal injection of 4��L of 1.5nmol/��L A�� (1�C40) can induce neuronal loss in the Ca1 region of the hippocampus [12].Based on the results of the present study, we showed that the neuronal loss in the Ca1 region of the hippocampus induced by A�� (1�C40) may result in part from neuronal degeneration, as demonstrated by fluoro-jade b staining.Studies showed that Entinostat consequent to neural lesions, the decreased latency to step-through is caused by several kinds of cognitive deficits [21].