2010]. Redrobe and colleagues used the same animal model for executive functioning deficits [Redrobe et al. 2010]. Subchronic PCP treatment of rats induced a significant FTY720 S1P Receptor memory impairment in the novel object recognition task (NOR). A significant improvement of visual learning and recognition processing was found in modafinil treated rats. Single-dose RCTs in humans all show significant positive Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical results on cognitive functioning when modafinil is given to antipsychotic-treated patients with schizophrenia. In the crossover RCT by Turner and colleagues, 20 patients received a single dose of 200 mg modafinil and were tested 2 hours post-drug-administration for approximately 2 hours [Turner et al. 2004]. Modafinil

significantly improved visual memory as measured by the Pattern Recognition Memory task (PRM) and tended to improve accuracy on the delayed version of this task. Modafinil also significantly improved short-term digit memory in both forward and backwards score as well as on executive functioning. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Executive functioning improved significantly as measured with the ID/ED task. Spatial planning improved on the One-touch Tower of London spatial planning task (NTOL) and latency increased. This increase in latency might be explained by an impulsivity Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical reducing effect of modafinil. In the crossover RCT by Spence and colleagues, 19 schizophrenia

patients with prominent negative symptomatology underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning, 2 hours after administration of 100 mg modafinil, while executing a working memory task [Spence et al. 2005]. In the modafinil group the working memory Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical task performance was better. This improvement in

working memory task achievement was associated with significantly greater activation in the anterior cingulate cortex in the modafinil group. The anterior cingulate cortex signal and performance change was most significant in the patients receiving typical antipsychotics, which suggests that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical patients receiving typical antipsychotics are more likely to benefit from modafinil treatment for cognitive deficiencies than patients receiving atypical antipsychotics. The improvement of working memory performance was demonstrated in those patients with worse performance on a verbal fluency task at initial assessment. Hunter and colleagues conducted Carfilzomib a crossover RCT fMRI study in which they showed a greater effect of modafinil in individuals with worse pre-existing executive function in terms of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation and behavioural task performance [Hunter et al. 2006]. The executive function was measured using the letter fluency task of the Multilingual Aphasia Examination, an executive task known to implicate the left prefrontal cortex. Post hoc placebo coefficient of variation was negatively correlated with both change in activation and change in coefficient of variation.