In a long-term recognition memory test performed 24 h after training, the same rats were allowed to explore the field for 5 min in the presence of the familiar object A and a novel object C (a sphere with a square-shaped base). Recognition memory was evaluated as done for the short-term memory test. Exploration was defined as sniffing (exploring the object 3–5 cm away from it) or touching the object

with the nose and/or forepaws. The task was conducted according to previous reports (Einat et al., 2001 and Porsolt, 1979), and it was used as a model for depressive behavior. Briefly, the task involves two exposures to a cylindrical water tank, in which rats cannot touch the bottom or from which they cannot escape. The tank is made of transparent plexiglass, 80 cm tall, 30 cm in diameter, and filled with water (22–23 °C)

to a depth of 40 cm. Water check details in the tank was changed for each rat. For the first exposure, the rats were placed in the water for 15 min (pre-test session). After 24 h, the rats were placed in the water again for a 5-min session (test session). The periods of immobility were analyzed. The rats were judged to be immobile whenever they stopped swimming and remained floating in the water, with their head just above water level. It explains how to measure depression. Data from the Afatinib concentration open-field task were analyzed with ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc and expressed as mean ± SEM. Data from the inhibitory avoidance task and object

recognition task were reported as median and interquartile ranges, and comparisons among groups were performed using Mann–Whitney U test. The individual groups were analyzed by using Wilcoxon tests. The data for the forced swimming tests were reported as means ± SEM and were analyzed by using the Student’s t test. Data from the biochemical analyses were reported as ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test and expressed as mean ± SD. In all comparisons, p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Sepsis caused an increase in TBARS (Fig. 1A) and protein carbonyl (Fig. 1B) levels in the investigated brain regions, observed 12 h (Fig. 1A) and 24 h (Fig. 1B) after surgery procedure Montelukast Sodium (CLP or sham), exception of the cerebellum: protein carbonyl in 12 and 24 h and TBARS in 24 h, and in prefrontal: protein carbonyl for 12 h. Treatment with GUA avoided the increase, exception of the “cortex”: TBARS (24 h). In the open-field task, there was no difference in the number of crossing and rearing among groups in the training session (Fig. 2), indicating that there was no effect of CLP and GUA on motor and exploratory activities. In the test session, the sham group presented a decrease in the number of crossings and rearings as a memory index, and this decrease was avoided by CLP, suggesting memory impairment. GUA treatment suppressed this CLP effect on memory.

Nadal pozostaje on w pamięci nie tylko najbliższych współpracowników, ale także miejscowego społeczeństwa jako człowiek, który poza swoją profesjonalną pracą lekarską podejmował wiele cennych inicjatyw społecznych. Aleksander Napierała urodził Cabozantinib order się 8 czerwca 1948 roku w Żninie.

Ojciec Jan (1906) był księgowym w Cerekwicy, pow. Śrem, matka (1914–1999) z d. Romańska. Starszy brat – Jerzy (1942). W rodzinnym mieście ukończył szkołę podstawową i liceum ogólnokształcące, zwieńczone egzaminem maturalnym i świadectwem dojrzałości dnia 3 czerwca 1966 roku. Z braku miejsc dwukrotnie nie został przyjęty na Wydział Lekarski w Gdańsku, dlatego przez rok akademicki 1966/67 był studentem na Wydziale Farmaceutycznym A.M. w Gdańsku. Ponieważ przy trzecim

podejściu w A.M. w Poznaniu do przyjęcia na Wydział Lekarski zabrakło mu 1 punktu, podjął naukę w Technikum Elektroradiologii, które ukończył w 1970 roku. Po raz czwarty przystąpił do egzaminów wstępnych i został przyjęty na Wydział Lekarski A.M. w Poznaniu, gdzie selleck studiował w latach 1970–1977, a następnie uzyskał dyplom lekarza dnia 29 czerwca 1977 roku. Pod koniec studiów, w latach 1975–77, przez 18 miesięcy był zatrudniony w Zakładzie Radiologii Pediatrycznej w Państwowym Szpitalu Klinicznym Nr 5 w Poznaniu. Od stycznia 1978 roku nieprzerwanie do 25 czerwca 1999 roku pracował w Zespole Opieki Zdrowotnej w Wyrzysku. Na Oddziale Dziecięcym miejscowego szpitala przeszedł kolejne etapy doskonalenia zawodowego i uzyskał specjalizację z pediatrii w 1984 ID-8 roku. Tu zaczynał pracę jako lekarz – stażysta, następnie młodszy i starszy asystent, aby w 1985 roku objąć stanowisko ordynatora tego oddziału, którym kierował do 1999 roku. Pod jego kierunkiem czterech lekarzy uzyskało specjalizację z pediatrii pierwszego stopnia. W latach 1980–1985 był również dyrektorem Zespołu Opieki Zdrowotnej w Wyrzysku. Bliska mu była też problematyka pediatrii społecznej, co znalazło wyraz w

uzyskaniu specjalizacji z medycyny społecznej (1981). Prowadząc Oddział Dziecięcy, swoje zainteresowania ukierunkował na zagadnienia chorób alergicznych, co potwierdził uzyskaniem specjalizacji w dziedzinie alergologii (1994). Tym samym udowadniał, że „w medycynie, kto się nie dokształca, ten się cofa”. Poza codzienną pracą diagnostyczno-leczniczą na Oddziale Dziecięcym znajdował czas na działalność naukową. W latach dziewięćdziesiątych uczestniczył w różnych konferencjach naukowych w kraju, m.in. w Światowych Kongresach Polonii Medycznej w Częstochowie (1991, 1994) oraz w światowych kongresach alergologicznych (m.in. Kioto, 1991, Jerozolima 1993, Sztokholm 1994, Madryt 1995, Helsinki 1996). Dzięki temu systematycznie aktualizował swą wiedzę w tej burzliwie rozwijającej się dziedzinie medycyny i nawiązywał różne kontakty zawodowe oraz naukowe.

Each session will include up to seven abstract presenters. Only one author for each accepted RPI is allowed to present. ADA’s Research

Committee and the FNCE Program Planning Advisory Committee have chosen six categories for oral RPI presentations at the 2011 FNCE. RPI sessions may include both Pirfenidone cell line research and program/project abstracts. The topics were selected based on their compatibility with ADA’s Strategic Plan and topics of interest in the ADA House of Delegates dialogue sessions. Due to limits on session times and space, not all abstracts submitted as an RPI, which are accepted by the peer review process, will be designated as an RPI. Some will be selected as poster presentations. The 2011 topics for RPI consideration include: (1) Strategies for Lifestyle Changes ADA seeks data and results showing effectiveness of behaviorally-based strategies, messages and/or communication strategies targeted to lifestyle changes aimed at health promotion

or management of any disease. This may include data and results from program evaluations related to, but not limited to, weight management interventions. The research may include epidemiological research looking at nutrition and chronic diseases across the life span as well as identification of characteristics of the strategies, messages, and communication strategies tailored to individuals, cultures, and age categories. All accepted Poster and RPI presenters are: • required SCH772984 cost to attend FNCE and be present throughout the assigned session; ADA maintains full control over the planning, content, and implementation of all programs presented Quisqualic acid during FNCE, including the selection of speakers, moderators, and faculty. The intent of FNCE programs is to provide quality sessions focused on educational content free from commercial influence or bias. ADA prohibits presentations that have as their purpose or effect promotion and/or advertising. This specifically includes pervasive or inappropriate use of brands, trademarks, or logos. Presentations designed primarily as describing commercially marketed programs,

publications, or products will not be accepted or tolerated. To this end, program planners, session participants, and sponsors are prohibited from engaging in scripting or targeting commercial or promotional points for specific emphasis, or other actions designed to infuse the overall content of the program with commercial or promotional messages. Statements made should not be viewed as, or considered representative of, any formal position taken on any product, subject, or issue by ADA. It is the responsibility of the program planner to ensure compliance by all speakers. All “blind” abstracts (see Rules for Submission) are peer-reviewed by a panel of three dietetics practitioners with specific experience in appropriate practice areas.

JR Zanchetta is an advisory board member for Merck Inc. and Servier. He has received consultancy fees from Glaxo Smith Kline, Eli Lilly, and Amgen and payment for lectures from Glaxo Smith Kline, Eli Lilly, and Amgen. T Thomas has received research support from Amgen, Chugaï, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Servier, UCB, and Warner-Chilcott; lectured

at national and international meeting symposia funded by Amgen, Genévrier, GSK, Lilly, Merck, and Novartis; and participated in advisory boards for Amgen, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, and UCB. S Boutroy has nothing PF-01367338 order to disclose. C Bogado has nothing to disclose. JP Bilezikian has nothing to disclose. E Seeman has received research support from Amgen, MSD, and Warner Chilcott; lectured at national and international meeting symposia funded by Amgen, Eli Lilly, MSD, and Novartis pharmaceuticals; and has received speaker fees from Amgen, MSD, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, and Eli Lilly. E Seeman is one of the inventors of the StrAx1.0 algorithm and a director of Straxcorp. Amgen Inc. sponsored

this study. We are thankful to Michelle N Bradley, PhD for providing formatting and editing support on behalf of Amgen Inc. and Heather Hartley-Thorne for providing graphic support with funding from Amgen Inc. Author JPB received support from NIH grant DK 32333. All authors participated in the design or implementation of the study, and/or the VEGFR inhibitor analysis or interpretation of the findings, and had access to the study data. All authors contributed to the development and critical Montelukast Sodium revision of the manuscript and approved the final version for submission. Author MA accepts primary responsibility for the integrity of the data analysis. “
“The osteopetroses are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous

bone diseases sharing the hallmark of increased bone density on radiographs [1]. This pathological feature results from abnormalities in either osteoclast differentiation or function [2]. Clinical and molecular dissection of osteopetroses has identified forms with different severity and prognosis [3], even though classification of single patients into a specific subgroup is not always easy due to the rareness of these conditions and to the presence of a variety of additional clinical features. On the other hand, the possibility to obtain a precise molecular diagnosis importantly impacts on the patients’ management [2] and [3]. Since its first application few years ago [4], [5] and [6], whole exome sequencing has been exploited to identify the causative gene of many monogenic disorders, including skeletal diseases.

“
“Acoustic measurements in the Northeast Pacific indicate that underwater noise levels in the open ocean have been rising for at least the last five decades

due to increases in shipping (Andrew et al., 2002, McDonald et al., 2006 and Chapman and Price, 2011) correlated to global economic growth (Frisk, 2012). Closer to shore, escalations in human activity, including shipping, pile-driving and seismic surveys, have transformed coastal marine soundscapes (Richardson et al., 1995 and Hildebrand, 2009) with uncertain consequences for the ecosystems that inhabit them. These large-scale changes in the acoustic environment are of particular concern for marine mammals SP600125 molecular weight (Tyack, 2008), which rely on sound as their primary sensory mode. There is growing evidence that marine mammals perceive anthropogenic noise sources as a form of risk, which is then integrated into their ecological landscape, affecting their decision-making processes (Tyack, 2008). Noise also has the Bleomycin manufacturer potential to mask important acoustic cues in marine mammal habitats, such as echolocation and communication (Erbe, 2002 and Jensen et al., 2009), and may disrupt their prey (Popper et al., 2003) affecting foraging. These anthropogenic pressures may lead to physiological

stress (Wright et al., 2007 and Rolland et al., 2012), habitat degradation, and changes in behaviour (Nowacek et al., 2007) including evasive tactics (Williams et al., 2002 and Christiansen et al., 2010) and heightened vocalisation frequency (Parks et al., 2007), rate (Buckstaff, 2004), or duration (Foote et al., 2004). The cumulative cost of these responses can alter the animals’ activity budget (Lusseau, 2003) and energy balance, which may have downstream consequences for individual vital rates (e.g. survival or reproductive success) and, ultimately, population dynamics. Efforts are underway to develop a framework to predict such population consequences of acoustic disturbance (PCAD; National Research Council, 2005). Detailed investigation

of these chronic and cumulative effects will require longitudinal studies of ambient noise trends in marine habitats with concurrent assessment of marine the mammal fitness and population levels. However, long-term ambient noise data (on the scale of several or more years) are limited to the Northeast Pacific (e.g. Andrew et al., 2002, McDonald et al., 2006 and Chapman and Price, 2011) and data for other ocean basins and coastal regions are rare and comparatively brief (e.g. Moore et al., 2012 and Širović et al., 2013). In the European Union (EU), a regulatory framework which seeks to rectify this knowledge deficit is currently developing guidelines for ambient noise monitoring (EU, 2008, Tasker et al., 2010, Van der Graaf et al., 2012 and Dekeling et al., 2013).

In our patient, three episodes of GI bleeding

from an intrapancreatic metastasis presented after a long disease-free interval of 6 years. The two endoscopies performed in the context of the two episodes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding described in the case report were considered relatively innocent. The first episode was described as probable simple duodenal vascular injury – duodenal Dieulafoy. The second episode, despite identification of a polypoid eroded structure, the endoscopic appearance (confirmed by histology) suggested a vascular lesion (angiomatous structure). However, endoscopic revision evidenced a sudden and significant change in the lesion characteristics and growth. It was then described as an infiltrating and ulcerated mass. PR-171 research buy CT did not allow a precise etiological characterization of the lesion. Unfortunately, the radial EUS was suboptimal in terms of quality due to technical constraints, limiting the identification of lesions to the most superficial layers of the wall, which was not coincident with the CT images. Surgical decision was based not only on the endoscopic appearance of the lesion and risk of bleeding, but also taking into account the neoplastic background. We opted not to perform EUS-FNA before surgery because negative results do not change the previously established surgical strategy due to low sensitivity of this technique. Roxadustat cost In conclusion, we think that RCC metastasis should be considered

if any patient with a pancreatic tumour gives past history of surgery for RCC. On the other hand post-nephrectomy patients with RCC suffering from gastrointestinal bleeding must have a complete evaluation, especially endoscopic examination, because late recurrent renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the GI tract should be kept in mind, although rare. Awareness of this entity and a high index of suspicion by the physician and pathologist would help in proper diagnosis and treatment. The authors declare that no experiments were performed

on humans or animals for this investigation. The authors declare that they have followed the protocols Adenosine of their work centre on the publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study have received sufficient information and have given their informed consent in writing to participate in that study. The authors have obtained the informed consent of the patients and/or subjects mentioned in the article. The author for correspondence is in possession of this document. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“Type IV paraesophageal hiatal hernia (PEHH) is characterized by a large defect in the diaphragmatic hiatus that allows other organs, besides stomach, such as the colon, pancreas, spleen, or small intestine to herniate into the thorax.1 Herniation of the pancreas through a gastroesophageal hiatus is a rare condition, and only a few cases have been reported in the literature.

Daily IVRS measurements included worst abdominal pain (WAP), stool consistency, bowel frequency, rectal urgency, and frequency of stool incontinence. Weekly measurement included the IBS Global Symptom score on a 0−4 scale (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe, 4 = very severe), where patients were asked “How would you rate your IBS symptoms overall over the past 7 days?” During monthly clinic visits, patients completed patient-reported outcomes questionnaires, including the IBS-Symptom Severity Score (IBS-SSS; scaled 0−500

with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms), IBS-quality of life (IBS-QOL; scaled 0−100 with higher scores indicating better quality of life), and EuroQoL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D; scaled 0−1 with lower scores indicating better quality of life) Selleckchem VX-809 and answered the question “Over the past week have you had adequate relief of your IBS symptoms?” Safety assessments included capture of adverse events, clinical laboratory results, 12-lead electrocardiograms, vital signs, and physical examinations. As an additional safety precaution, IVRS-generated notifications were sent to investigators to discontinue patients from the study for click here IVRS-confirmed constipation if the patients’ diary

entries indicated a lack of a bowel movement on 4 consecutive days on more than one occasion or the lack of a bowel movement on any 7 consecutive days (irrespective of whether an adverse event of constipation was reported). Additionally, the absence of diary entry on a given day was treated as the absence of a bowel movement by the IVRS; programmatic IVRS study withdrawal

notifications were generated for patients that were noncompliant with the IVRS for the same criteria as the absence of a bowel movement. Eligible patients were male or female aged 18 to 65 years who met the Rome III criteria for IBS-D,3 and who reported a mean daily WAP score of ≥3.0 (on a 0−10 numerical rating scale, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 worst pain imaginable) and mean daily stool consistency score of ≥5.5 on the Bristol Stool Scale (1 = hard, lumpy stools and 7 = watery, liquid stools) in the cAMP week before randomization. Patients were also required to have had a colonoscopy within the past 5 years for any alarm feature, such as weight loss, nocturnal symptoms, familial history of colon cancer, or blood mixed with stool. Patients with histories of inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, intestinal obstruction, stricture, toxic megacolon, gastrointestinal perforation, fecal impaction, gastric banding, bariatric surgery, adhesions, ischemic colitis, impaired intestinal circulation, major vein thrombophlebitis, hypercoagulable states, major gastric, hepatic, pancreatic, or intestinal surgery, or evidence of significant hepatic or renal disease were excluded.

1 gC m2 yr−1 (Carroll et al. 2008b). This may indicate that contaminants at this location are diluted by organic material associated with high rates of primary productivity in the region. Studies

of organic contaminants GSK2118436 clinical trial typically report on different congeners, making it difficult to compare results among different investigations. Thus, we adopt the strategy of Gustafsson et al. (2001) and evaluate CB52 alone as an indicator of site-to-site differences in contaminant supplies. The CB52 fluxes at our stations were 79–146 pg m−2 d−1 (station I), 62–304 pg m−2 d−1 (station IV), 138–853 pg m−2 d−1 (station III) and 33–341 pg m−2 d−1 (station VIII). In the Baltic Sea, CB52 fluxes were ~ 400 pg m−2 d−1, whereas in Baffin Bay, CB 52 fluxes were considerably lower, ranging from 19 to 56 pg m−2 d−1 (Savinov et al. 2000). Thus, CB 52 burial fluxes for the Barents Sea are generally higher than those at the Baffin Bay site in the Canadian Arctic and comparable to fluxes in the more heavily industrialized Baltic Sea area: this is quite an astonishing

feature, considering the long distance between Gefitinib industrial sources and the study area. HCB concentrations in surface sediments (stations III, IV and VIII only) were 0.5–2.0 ng g−1 d.w−1 (Table 2). Previous measurements of HCB levels in sediments from Guba Pechenga (northern Russia) and the southern Barents Sea shelf ranged from 0.3 to 1.8 ng g−1 d.w−1 (Savinov et al. 2003). These sediment concentrations are higher than those reported for the Bering and Chukchi Seas (0.04 to 0.08 ng g−1 d.w−1) (Iwata et al. 1994), while concentrations up to 6.7 ng g−1 d.w−1 have also been reported in some harbours of northern Norway (Dahle et al. 2000). At stations III and VIII the highest HCB burial fluxes (Figure 5) are observed at surface sediments and decrease down-core. Although the industrial, direct production of HCB in Europe and N. America ended in the early 1990s (no data from the former USSR is available), this

recent contamination may have originated from the production of other chlorinated P-type ATPase compounds, such as perchloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride and, to some extent, trichloroethylene, polychlorinated-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (CEPA 1993). The pattern of HCB burial flux at station IV is constant and similar to the pattern observed for ∑7PCB (Figure 5), which again provides confirmation of the strong sediment mixing there (Zaborska et al. 2008). The dominant PCB congeners in the western Barents Sea are CB101, CB153 and CB138 (Figure 6). However, the southernmost station (I) has a lower total PCB concentration than the other stations. Moreover, these sediments exhibit no dominant PCB congener. In contrast, CB 101 dominates the composition at station IV, accounting for 23–28% ∑7 PCB. At station III CB 101 is predominant (22–41%), particularly in the deeper sediment layers. In addition, the congeners CB 153 and CB 138 are important at station III.

Screenees: 1027 of 1032 (>99%) colonoscopy screenees who completed both knowledge and attitude items had adequate knowledge; 915 (89%) colonoscopy screenees also had a positive Anti-diabetic Compound Library manufacturer attitude; 815 of 824 (99%) CT colonography screenees who completed both items had adequate knowledge and 742 (90%) also had a positive attitude. Non-screenees: 675 of 698 (97%) colonoscopy non-screenees had adequate knowledge, 344 (49%) also had a negative attitude.

Of the 192 responding CT colonography non-screenees, 180 (94%) had adequate knowledge and 94 (49%) also had a negative attitude. Non-screenees often had adequate knowledge and a positive attitude toward screening: 47% of responding colonoscopy non-screenees (331/698) and 45% of responding CT colonography non-screenees

(86/192). Our study shows that a large majority of colonoscopy and CT colonography screenees make informed decisions about taking part in a population-based colorectal cancer screening program, compared to about half of responding non-screenees. Both in the colonoscopy and in the CT colonography almost half of the responding non-screenees had adequate knowledge and a positive attitude, suggesting the existence Afatinib purchase of additional barriers to participation. Our study has several strengths. Data were collected in a large pilot colorectal cancer screening program, designed as a randomized trial. All invitations were sent in the same time period, minimizing external influences through Proteasome inhibitor general public awareness. The information leaflets of both examinations were identically designed where appropriate and all screenees received a standardized consultation to inform them about the entire screening procedure.

At the time of our study, the Netherlands did not have a population-based colorectal cancer screening program. The decision to participate in a randomized trial, such as this one, differs from the decision to participate in a population-based screening program. It is very well possible that the willingness to participate in a trial does not perfectly translate into the willingness to take part in a more widely announced national screening program. As such, the proportions observed in our study do not unconditionally apply to population-based screening programs in general. We should also mention that the definition of informed decision making as defined by Marteau et al. is not perfect. In decision-making about screening there may be predictable barriers to participation, like expected burden and immobility of an invitee, and unpredictable barriers, such as an acute illness, which might result in differences between intended and actual behavior [37]. We defined adequate knowledge as correct responses to more than half of the knowledge items, an arbitrary cut-off.

The corresponding roasting times and temperatures are listed in Table 1. A Shimadzu IRAffinity-1 FTIR Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan) with a DLATGS (Deuterated Triglycine Sulfate Doped with L-Alanine) detector was used in the measurements, all performed in a dry controlled atmosphere at room temperature (20 ± 0.5 °C). Diffuse reflectance (DR) measurements were performed with a Shimadzu sampling accessory (DRS8000A). Each sample was mixed with KBr and 23 mg of this mixture were placed inside

the sample port. Pure KBr was employed as reference material (background spectrum). All spectra were recorded within a range of 4000–400 cm−1 with 4 cm−1 resolution and 20 scans, and submitted to background subtraction. The spectra were also truncated to 2500 data points in the range selleck chemicals llc AZD9291 solubility dmso of 3200–700 cm−1, to eliminate noise readings present in the upper and lower ends of the spectra. Preliminary tests were performed in order to evaluate the effect of particle size (D < 0.15 mm; 0.15 mm < D < 0.25 mm; 0.25 mm < D < 0.35 mm) and sample/KBr mass ratio (1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 g/100 g) on the quality of the obtained spectra. The conditions that provided the best quality spectra (higher intensity and lower noise interference)

were D < 0.15 mm and 10 g/100 g sample/KBr mass ratio. In order to improve sample discrimination, the following data pretreatment techniques were evaluated: (0) no additional Selleck Rucaparib processing (raw data), (1) mean centering, (2) normalization, (3) baseline correction employing two (3200 and 700 cm−1) or three (3200, 2000 and 700 cm−1) points, (4) first derivatives and (5) second derivatives. Mean centering was calculated by subtracting the average absorbance value of a given spectrum from each data point. Normalization was calculated by dividing the difference between the response at each data point and the minimum absorbance value by the difference between the maximum and minimum absorbance values. Such spectra pretreatments are

suggested as a means to remove redundant information and enhance sample-to-sample differences ( Wang et al., 2009). Baseline correction and derivative transformations usually compensate for baseline offset between samples and also tend to reduce instrument drift effects. Using the DR spectra (raw or normalized) and its derivatives as chemical descriptors, pattern recognition (PR) methods (PCA and LDA) were applied in order to establish whether roasted coffee husks and roasted corn could be discriminated from roasted coffee samples. For PCA analysis, data matrices were constructed so that each row corresponded to a sample and each column represented the spectra datum at a given wavenumber, after processing as previously described. LDA models were constructed based on the data that presented the best performance (group separation) in the PCA analysis.