The remarkable efficacy of imatinib in treating metastatic GISTs has prompted interest in developing an adjuvant after complete resection of GISTs. Resent phase III randomized trial involved 778 patients with localized GISTs who underwent complete surgical resection followed by 1 year of imatinib (400 mg/day) and revealed that adjuvant Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical imatinib E7080 significantly improved the 1-year RFS rate (98%) compared with the placebo (83%) (P<0.0001) (156). Based on the results of this trial,

FDA approved imatinib as adjuvant therapy for GISTs (157). The most recent management guidelines in US (NCCN) (138) and Europe (ESMO) (139) recommended adjuvant imatinib for at least 1 year following complete surgical resection in patients with intermediate- to high-risk GIST. However, the optimal duration of adjuvant therapy has not been established yet. Treatment of localized unresectable or metastatic gists Although surgical intervention was applied to patients with metastases prior to the imatinib era, it was unlikely to completely resect the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical tumor and consequently with earlier recurrence than localized disease (45). Nunoby and colleagues (158) in Japan studied Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the outcome of

surgical resection in 18 patients with liver metastases of GISTs and showed 83% complete resection of liver metastases with 64% 3-year postoperative overall survival (OS) rate and 34% 5-year postoperative OS rate. However, the recurrence rate in the remnant liver Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and in other organs reached 94% in this study. Surgical treatment alone for metastatic GISTs, therefore, is only palliative (158). The application of imatinib for patients with advanced and non-resectable GISTs was first evaluated in the palliative setting in 2000 (24). A recent large clinical study of imatinib for unresectable or metastatic GISTs revealed up to 57 months of median OS

rate (159), which is almost a threefold increase in OS from about Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 20 months (45) prior to the application of imatinib. Based on the clinical practice guidelines (NCCN & ESMO), treatment with imatinib (400 mg/day) now is the standard of care for patients with locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic disease (138,139). Multiple phase III clinical trials have confirmed the effectiveness of imatinib with standard-dose (400 mg/day) or high-dose (800 mg/day) (159,160). Furthermore, the efficacy of imatinib much certainly also depends on the mutant profile of GISTs. KIT exon 11 mutations show the greatest benefit from imatinib treatment (400 mg/day) (Figure 1) (135,161). KIT exon 11 codon 557/558 deletion/insertion mutations have a more aggressive clinical behavior (162). KIT exon 9 mutant GIST requires a higher imatinib dosage to reach a better response (135,163). In addition, sunitinib, another TKI, is beneficial for exon 9 mutated-GIST (30).

The cue-to-target intervals (0, 400, and 800 msec) were selected based on previous studies with normal participants and patients with parietal damage (Posner et al. 1984; Fan et al. 2002). The ANT-R was compiled and run on a personal computer using E-Prime™ software (Psychology Software Tools, Pittsburgh, PA).

Figure 1 The schematic of the Attention Network Test-Revised (ANT-R). In each trial, depending on the cue condition (none, double, and valid or invalid cues), an asterisk “*” as the cue appears for 100 msec. After a variable duration (0, 400, or … The function of each of the three attentional networks is operationally defined as a comparison Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the performance (reaction time or accuracy) between one condition and the appropriate reference condition, resulting in scores for the attentional networks (Fan Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical et al. 2009). For the alerting network, the phasic alerting (benefit) effect is defined as follows: Alerting = RTno cue − RTdouble cue representing the benefit of alerting. For the orienting network, the validity includes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the ability to disengage attention

from a previous location and to move and engage attention at a new location. Correspondingly, orienting operations are defined as follows: Validity = Disengaging + (ARRY-162 price moving + Engaging)= RTinvalid cue − RTvalid cue, which represents both the cost of an invalid cue and benefit of a valid cue. The validity effect has two subcomponents, disengaging and moving/engaging: (1) Disengaging = RTinvalid cue − RTdouble Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cue for the cost of disengaging from invalid cue; (2) Moving + Engaging= RTdouble cue − RTvalid cue, for the benefit of target response under the valid cue condition. The Moving Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical + Engaging is equivalent to the computation of “orienting” defined in our previous study (Fan et al. 2002). In addition, Orienting time = RTvalid cue, 0 msec cue-to-target interval −RTvalid cue, 800 msec cue-to-target interval

is defined for the benefit of the target response because of the advanced orienting under the 800-msec cue-target interval condition. The conflict Idoxuridine effect, which is a cost, is defined as follows: Flanker conflict = RTflanker incongruent − RTflanker congruent. We have previously shown that the location incongruency effect (whether the location of the target – left or right – is on the same side as the target is pointing) is very small (Fan et al. 2009), and thus, we did not examine this effect- or location-related interactions in this study. The interaction effects are defined as follows: (1) Alerting by flanker conflict = (RTno cue, flanker incongruent − RTno cue, flanker congruent) − (RTdouble cue, flanker incongruent − RTdouble cue, flanker congruent). A negative value indicates a negative impact of alerting on flanker conflict processing.

However, the finding of TDP-43 inclusions in 93% of HS cases irrespective of concomitant pathology and the absence of TDP-43 inclusions in pure IVD would be consistent with an

underlying neurodegenerative rather than vascular mechanism. Not surprisingly, MRI HVs were the smallest for bilateral HS cases, where atrophy exceeded that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical observed in AD (Fig. 3; Zarow et al. 2011). Compared with controls, we observed a 52% volume loss in bilateral HS cases compared with 30% loss in AD cases (Fig. 3). In this study, we extend observations regarding HVs to cases with unilateral HS. Interestingly, in unilateral HS cases, the contralateral hippocampus also shows evidence of volume loss on MRI. Reduction in HV in contralateral hippocampus was statistically significant in the left-sided HS cases (P < 0.0002) and showed a similar trend in the right-sided HS cases (P < 0.07). We and others have observed that the right hippocampus is larger than the left in normal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical controls (Wang et al. 2003; Lye et al. 2004). Developmental differences between the right versus left hippocampus or small sample size may contribute to these subtle hemispheric asymmetries. Our findings in cases of unilateral HS suggest

that MRI volume may be more Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical sensitive than pathology to early changes of HS or may be detecting transynaptic structural changes due to reduced cross talk between the two hippocampi. Future evidence-based studies are warranted to determine Selleckchem Syk inhibitor whether severity Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of atrophy can be used to distinguish individual cases of HS from AD. Acknowledgments This work was supported by 1P01-AG12435 and P50AG16570. C. Z. had full access to all of the data in the study, and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical analysis. We acknowledge the contributions of other coinvestigators in the IVD program project: Charles DeCarli, MD, William

Jagust, MD, Joel Kramer MD, Scott Lyness MA, Dan Mungas, PhD, Bruce Reed, PhD, Harry Vinters, MD, Wendy Mack, PhD, and Ling Zheng, PhD.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced at the highest concentrations within the mitochondria 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl and consist of superoxide anion (O2−•), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH•). ROS are a normal byproduct of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and are kept in check by cytosolic and mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes. It is known that ROS play an important role in regulating cell death and differentiation, suggesting their levels need to be tightly regulated for normal development, particularly within the brain (Finkel 2003; Ikonomidou and Kaindl 2011). ROS also serve critical signaling roles; hence, their levels must be tightly regulated to avoid cellular damage and dysfunction, particularly within mitochondria.

Such a construction project is the goal of RDoC. If the project is successful, future

versions of the DSM and ICD – perhaps not even DSM-6, but DSM-7 – will be informed by the findings that emerge from RDoC-guided research. The process will not be easy or short, but already the Institute has seen an accelerating number of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical RDoC-themed grant applications. Time will tell whether such interest is the harbinger of a paradigm shift in how the research and practice community conceptualizes mental disorders, but at the least, the RDoC project seems likely to generate new perspectives regarding the relationships of brain and behavior with respect to mental illness. Notes The authors report no financial conflicts of interest.
Unfortunately, researchers have been somewhat too creative in their definitions, with over a dozen possibilities being suggested in the literature. Most investigators seem to favor a two-criterion definition: an idea or response is said to Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical be creative Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical if it is (i) novel or original;

and (ii) useful, adaptive, or functional.9-10 The drawback to this definition is that it is perfectly feasible for an idea to be novel and useful without being necessarily surprising. Algorithmic solutions are of this nature. Because the cognitive processes supporting Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical algorithmic problem solving are quite unlikely to be similar to the processes supporting more heuristic problem solving, it is advisable to add a third criterion, namely, surprising11 or “nonobvious” as determined by the standards established by the United States Patent Office.12 This

three-criterion definition has several repercussions, including the increased necessity of engaging in blind-variation and selective-retention (BVSR) processes.13 Yet, from the standpoint of this brief note, the main implication is that creativity must be separated from both general Idarubicin supplier intelligence and domain-specific expertise, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical neither of which can produce anything surprising because each is dedicated to converging on the single most correct response. Convergent thinking seldom induces surprise. Indeed, the convergent thinking witnessed in the application before of general intelligence and domain-specific expertise is designed for different kinds of problems than for divergent thinking and other processes seen in creativity. A nice illustration is the distinction between reasonable problems that “can be reasoned out step by step to home in on the solutions” (eg, anagrams and crossword puzzles) and unreasonable problems that “do not lend themselves to step-by-step thinking. One has to sneak up on them,” eg, all true insight problems).

The incredible contributions of Pick, Langendorf, and Katz deserve

mention.17–19 They undertook detailed and painstaking analyses of literally thousands of strips from patients with the WPW syndrome and concluded that the arrhythmias were due to differences in conduction properties between the AV node and the AP, which allowed for initiation of SVT by premature beats. Remarkably they described concealed conduction into the pathway and the relationship between SVT and AF for these patients. Much of their pioneering observations were substantiated by intracardiac studies. Drs Durrer and Wellens20,21 were the first to systematically use programmed electrical studies in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical numbers to clearly define the tachycardia mechanisms in patients with WPW. They showed that premature cardiac stimulation could induce orthodromic (SVT) (antegrade conduction over the AV node, retrograde conduction over the AP) as

well as antidromic tachycardias (antegrade conduction over the AP, retrograde conduction over the node). These Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical observations and others22,23 provided Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the framework for the use of intracardiac studies to define AP location and physiology. SURGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS Prior to the current era of catheter ablation, patients with SVT intractable to drug therapy were treated with surgical dissection of the AV junction.24,25 This approach was largely used for management of the patient with atrial fibrillation refractory Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to drug therapy but would not be appropriate for those with

APs since extirpation of the AV junction would not mitigate against rapid conduction over an AP. Durrer and Roos26 performed intraoperative mapping and cooling (in an important proof of concept Autophagy Compound Library experiment) to locate and transiently prevent conduction in a patient with a right-sided AP. Subsequently Burchell et al.27 used intraoperative mapping and abolished pre-excitation with a local injection of procainamide. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical A limited surgical incision over this area resulted in only transient loss of pre-excitation. Sealy et al.28 were the first to successfully ablate an AP in a human. The Duke team initially used an epicardial approach but subsequently showed that APs in all locations (both free wall and septal) could Pharmacological Reviews be successfully ablated using an endocardial technique.29 Only later was a cryo-epicardial technique used by Guiraudon et al.30 CATHETER ABLATION The technique of catheter ablation of the AV junction was introduced by Scheinman et al. in 1981.31 The technique involved use of high-energy direct-current shocks delivered to the region of the AV junction. This was followed by attempts to use catheter techniques for ablation of APs in various locations. In 1984 Fisher et al.32 used this technique for attempted ablation of left-sided APs via the coronary sinus. This technique was abandoned due to limited efficacy and risk of cardiac tamponade.

Costs will be calculated for the base year

2012. Unit costs of other base years will be price-indexed. Safety monitoring An independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB), consisting of three members (2 physicians and 1 clinical epidemiologist), is installed for this trial. On regular intervals, this committee will review accumulating trial data and provide advice on the conduct of the trial to the trial leader Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and Steering Committee. The DSMB will focus both on safety and effectiveness data. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) will be used with respect to the schedule and format of DSMB meetings and with respect to the format and timing of presenting data. The DSMB can recommend the Steering Committee to terminate Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the trial when there is clear and substantial evidence of harm. Safety and efficacy monitoring The role of the DSMB is to perform an interim review of the

trial’s progress including updated figures on main outcomes and safety data. This review would include, but not be restricted to, the following: • monitor compliance Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with the protocol by participants and investigators; • monitor evidence for treatment differences in the main efficacy outcome measures; • monitor evidence for treatment harm (e.g. SAEs, deaths); • decide whether to recommend that the trial continues to recruit participants or whether recruitment should be terminated either for everyone or for some treatment groups and/or some participant subgroups; • suggest additional data analyses; • monitor compliance with previous DSMB recommendations; • consider the ethical implications of any recommendations made by the DSMB; • assess the impact and relevance of external Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical evidence as supplied by the Chief Investigator. The DSMB will evaluate these safety and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical efficacy parameters at regular

intervals. After 275 (25%), 550 (50%) and 700 (65%) included patients, non-blinded interim-analyses for evaluation of safety rules will be performed. No formal stopping rules based on statistical criteria alone will be used. The DSMB decides after evaluation of all necessary interim data whether the trial will be continued or terminated. Other investigators, designated by the Board of Direct of the AMC to control the trial will have the authority to gain insight in all the confidential Thalidomide data relevant for the trial as well. Ethics This trial is conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki [30], the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO) and ‘Good Clinical Practice’ guidelines. The Medical Ethical Committee of the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam has approved the protocol on January 6 2011. The Ethical Committees of the participating centers approved for local feasibility.

Although most patients tolerate hematological venom effects without incident, severe or fatal bleeding events have occurred [27-31]. Transfusion also has associated cost and risks. Consultation prior to transfusion is recommended, when possible, to maximize the utility of transfusion and reduce unnecessary use of blood products. Rhabdomyolysis Although crotaline venom is

directly myotoxic, clinically severe rhabdomyolysis is uncommon in the United States [61]. Although routine creatine kinase measurement is not recommended, specific patients, such as Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical those with severe local tissue injury and/or prolonged systemic neurotoxicity can develop rhabdomyolysis. Consultation with a physician-expert is recommended in these cases. AMPK activation Suspected compartment syndrome Crotaline snakebite Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical can produce pain, swelling, induration, paresthesias, color changes (e.g. bluish discoloration from bruising), difficult-to-palpate pulses, and tenderness in the envenomated extremity, mimicking the initial signs of compartment Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical syndrome. However, true compartment syndrome is much less common, and a prospective observational study

in humans showed that most rattlesnake victims have greater blood flow in the envenomated than in the non-envenomated limb [62]. Animal research and human experience demonstrate that antivenom administration reduces compartment pressures, and surgical groups who used to perform fasciotomy frequently now acknowledge that antivenom administration often precludes the need for fasciotomy [9,40,63,64].

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical In one large case series of patients treated in a tertiary referral center, only 8/236 (3.4%) of patients received a fasciotomy or digital dermotomy [10]. Measurement of compartment pressure prior to consideration of fasciotomy is recommended. Compartment pressure measurement may not be feasible in cases of digital envenomation. Consultation with a physician-expert Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is recommended whenever compartment syndrome is suspected and prior to any fasciotomy or digit Adenosine dermotomy. Venom-induced hives and angioedema Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions to venom are uncommon manifestations of snakebite which can range in severity from urticarial rash to multisystem organ failure and angioedema causing airway loss [65]. At least 2 deaths have been reported [66,67]. Although standard therapy includes antihistamines, steroids, epinephrine, and antivenom, the ideal management of this condition is unknown. Because these patients are often critically ill and require aggressive, multimodal therapy, panel members recommended expert consultation. Complicated wound issues Crotaline envenomation causes local tissue necrosis by a variety of mechanisms, some of which are not reversible with antivenom therapy [68].

Figure 5c depicts phantom images obtained for the DPNs using a 3T MRI clinical scanner. All three nanoconstructs incorporate ultrasmall SPIOs with a 5 nm metallic core that is, eventually, degraded and metabolized by the cells without any significant toxicity. Figure 5 (A) Graphical configuration of a cluster of stem cells inject. (A) Graphical representation

of a 5-nm superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (SPIO); a 150-nm hybrid nanoparticle (HNP); discoidal 1,000 x 400 nm mesoporous silicon particle (SiMP); and … Note that in stem cell labeling, it is very important to have access to different nanotechnological platforms in that the nanoconstructs per se can affect the cell behavior.48 Importantly, these nanoconstructs can be remotely manipulated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical via static magnetic fields because of their

huge content in magnetic material (about 100 fg of iron per DPN) and can release directly inside the stem cell molecular agents for stimulating and controlling cell differentiation. Moreover, these nanoconstructs can be labeled with radionucleotides, thus merging together MRI and nuclear imaging, which could help in assessing cell functionality and viability in addition to cell tracking.49 Conclusions The efficiency of stem cell homing within the infarcted tissue can be predicted using patient-specific computational modeling as a function of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the vascular geometry, blood flow conditions, and location of the infarcted area. Multifunctional magnetic nanoconstructs can serve to spatially and temporally track Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the injected stem cells and test for their viability. The combination

of computational modeling and sophisticated nanoconstructs for cell labeling should pave the way to new clinical trials for cell-based therapies in cardiovascular disease. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Dr. T.R. Lee, Dr. J. Singh, Dr. S. Hossain, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and Mr. M. Landry at Houston ARRY-162 Methodist Hospital Research Institute for helping with the figures and data generation. The author acknowledges the collaboration with Dr. T.J.R. Hughes at The University of Texas, Austin, and with Dr. W.K. Liu at Northwestern University for the development of the computational module 1 and 2, respectively. The patient-specific data on PAD were kindly provided by Dr. D. Shah at the Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart Sodium butyrate & Vascular Center and Dr. G. Bruner at Baylor College of Medicine. Funding Statement Funding/Support: The author has no funding disclosures. Footnotes Conflict of Interest Disclosure: The author has completed and submitted the Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal Conflict of Interest Statement and none were reported.
Introduction There is an increasing demand in regenerative medicine to repair and restore the function of injured, degenerated, or congenitally defected tissues. In a wide range of pathology, neither native nor purely artificial implantable materials can adequately replace or repair these damaged tissues.

If this failure is due to sample size, larger studies should solve it. However, it. could also be due to heterogeneity; clinicopathological studies seeking pathological markers of both non- AD dementias and AD should confirm or rule out this possibility Awaiting further studies, the lack of significant difference between MCI and AD, which was also found for high (trkA)48 and low (p75NTR) 49 expression of nerve Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical growth factor receptors, suggests that the transition from MCI to AD is not merely quantitative. Predictive value Another way of understanding these concepts and criteria is through their ability

to predict, the progression of patients. Follow-up studies21, 25, 36, 37, 50-59 differ in their durations, making comparisons difficult; dividing the frequency of progression toward dementia by duration of follow-up gives an estimate of the annual rates of “conversion” (Table IV). Table IV. Thus, a significant proportion of subjects did not become demented. It could Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical be argued that a longer follow-up would increase the “conversion” rate. However, data from some studies reporting multiple evaluations21, 58, 60-62 suggest that the incidence of dementia could decrease over time. In a recent study with assessments at 3 and 6 years in subjects with CIND, aged 80 years or older,61 it was found that, according to the severity of impairment at baseline, 84% Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 89% of those who were demented at

6 years had already received the diagnosis at 3 years. In another study in oldest old (84 to 90 years old at baseline) over 6 years,60 a decrease in the progression from MCI to dementia with time was also reported. ‘Ms attenuation of the rate of

progression with time could be an artifact, since in these two studies – and also in one in slightly younger subjects57 – MCI increased the risk of death by 1.758 to 760 during a 4-year period. In this case, there should be a correlation between the severity of cognitive Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical impairment at baseline and the risk of death. Such a trend was found in one study,58 but. not. in another,61 and in a third60 baseline performances in the deceased group were lower than those of survivors, but. higher than for those who progressed to dementia. Thus, the issue of the slope of the rate of progression deserves Annual Review of Physiology further attention, particularly in relation to age at. onset, of cognitive impairment. Because the main criteria were set. to capture degenerative cognitive impairment (ie, without identifiable medical cause), an intriguing finding is that a substantial proportion of subjects were found to improve over time (4.8% after 3 years in subjects with CDR=0.563; 19.5% after 2.7 years in MCI as defined by selleck compound Zaudig54; 25% after 3 years and 12% to 17% after 6 years in CIND61). In clinical practice, such an outcome would be ascribed to a diagnostic error (ie, impairment, was due to a unidentified medical condition).

Based on the current literature, it is clear that TLM is increasingly becoming part of the treatment paradigm for laryngeal tumors throughout the world and represents an alternative to definitive EBRT that offers equivalent local control and functional outcomes. SN-38 supplier advanced Laryngeal Cancer In recent years, an increasing number of centers have reported experience with TLM in advanced laryngeal disease (Table 1).8,16,25–28 Although data are primarily obtained Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical from retrospective patient cohorts, there appear to be significant data to support utilization of TLM in the setting of

advanced laryngeal cancer. Although Pukander and Zhang reported the outcomes for patients with advanced disease as part of larger cohorts, Vilaseca et al. evaluated outcomes in 147 patients with T3 laryngeal tumors following TLM treatment.29 Overall survival in this patient group at 5 years was 53%. Neck dissection was performed in 66% of patients, and 25% of patients required adjuvant irradiation of the primary Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical site, while 12% required irradiation of the neck. Over one-third of patients experienced local recurrence which required

additional TLM, open partial laryngectomy, and salvage total laryngectomy in 9%, 9%, and 81.8% of patients, respectively. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Table 1. Clinical Outcomes for Advanced Laryngeal Cancer Treated with TLM. More recently, Canis et al. also analyzed outcomes for patients with advanced disease stage (T3) treated with TLM.8 Tumors were relatively evenly divided into glottic and supraglottic (54% versus 46%). Patients were treated by TLM with (63%) or without selective neck dissection. Eighteen percent of patients required postoperative EBRT, which is not surprising given the stage of the primary tumors Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and the percent of tumors which were supraglottic in origin. Disease-free and overall survival

at 5 years were 63% and 64.4%, respectively. Complications Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical related to treatment included six temporary tracheostomy tubes, two permanent tracheostomy tubes, and three permanent gastrostomy tubes. It is important to note that although this is by far the largest cohort of patients treated with TLM for advanced disease published to date, it spans a period from 1980 to 2006. Since treatment was provided by a group led by one of the developers of TLM (Steiner), these data may represent the very best of what can be expected using this treatment paradigm. These data are largely consistent with data Chlormezanone reported earlier in 1998 by Iro et al. which demonstrated disease-free survival at 5 years of 76% for stage III disease treated with surgery alone and 69% for disease treated with surgery and adjuvant radiation; disease-free survival for stage IV disease treated with surgery alone versus surgery and adjuvant radiation was 100% and 49%, respectively.26 The analysis of T3 tumors was extended in a parallel manuscript by this group.